
-ft *5 





.6* V V..- v 






v * SIS© ^ * 

%4 








ho* 

A O 





THE INDIAN 

OR MOUND BUILDER 




THOMAS BECKWITH 



THE INDIAN 

OR 

MOUND BUILDER 



The Indians, Mode of Living, Manners, Customs, Dress, 
Ornaments, etc., Before the White Man Game 
to the Country, Together with a List of 
Relics Gathered by the Author. 



Geology, Ethnology and Archaeology of this Country 
and the Pacific Tribes Treated to a Limited Extent. 



THOMAS BECKWITH 



NAETER BROS., PUBLISHERS 
CAPE GIRARDEAU, MO, 
1911 



£T7/ 
£38 



COPYRIGHTED 1911 

BY 

THOMAS BECKWITH 

/ /b 



PREFACE. 



My object in publishing this work is to make 
known my researches and discoveries. Elevating 
sentiments result from the researches and we feel 
a gratitude towards the great God that created us 
capable of much progress. It is the scientific man 
that more fully appreciates the Creator, for he 
better understands the great works and laws that 
he has created. 

My research in history and gathering of relics 
for the past thirty years, by exploring the mounds, 
watching along the ditches,and carefully examining 
the old camp sites where the plow had turned out 
many' interesting relics that have been buried for 
ages, reveal to me much of the past history of the 
Indians, who occupied this part of the country in 
prehistoric times, and I will endeavor to give that 
information to the public. 

THOMAS BECKWITH. 

Charleston, Mo. 




WATER BOTTLE. 
Held up by three human figures. Reproduced from one in my collection. 



THE INDIAN 

=0 R 

MOUND BUILDER 



THE EARTH AND ITS INHABITANTS. 

Everyone is interested in a knowledge of the composi- 
tion of the Earth. It is our mother. It is from her we get 
our sustenance. Here we find our enjoyments and gain our 
knowledge, and when death comes we again return to her 
bosom to await the final reckoning of all things. 

We plow and plant the fields and she returns us an 
hundred-fold. We go into her depths and find the minerals 
so necessary to our comfort and convenience. We plow 
her briny depths with our floating palaces. There is no 
better description of railway trains that thread her surface 
like arteries carrying sustenance to all parts of the world 
than that given by the Prophet Nahum 2,600 years ago in 
his description of chariots. He says: "The chariots shall 
rage in the streets, they shall jostle one against another in 
the broad ways, they shall seem like torches, they shall rum 
like lightnings." 



2 



THE INDIAN OR MOUND BUILDER. 



Composition. 

The composition of the crust of the earth, as given in 
Chambers & Salisbury's Geology is as follows: 



Oxygen 

Aluminum 
Calcium ... 
Potassium 
Titanium . 

Carbon 

Manganese 
Barium .... 

Nickel 

Lithium ... 
Fluorine ... 



47.13 per cent 
8.13 per cent 
3.53 per cent 
2.35 per cent 
.32 per cent 
.13 per cent 
.07 per cent 
.04 per cent 
.01 per cent 
. 0 1 per cent 
. 0 1 per cent 



Silicon 

Iron 

Magnesium 

Sodium 

Hydrogen .... 
Phosphorus - 

Sulphur 

Chromium .. 
Strontium .— 
Chlorine 



27.89 per cent 
4.71 per cent 
2.64 per cent 
2.68 per cent 
.17 per cent 
.09 per cent 
.06 per cent 
.01 per cent 
.01 per cent 
. 0 1 per cent 



Elements less than 0.01 are not considered abundant 
enough to affect the total and equally exact dates regarding 
them are not accessible. 

Flint. 

The composition of silica, or what is known generally as 
flint, is composed of Oxygen 53.33, Silicon 46.67-100. This 
element is scattered over nearly the entire globe, or at least 
it has been in reach of man and used by him for many 
thousands of years. 

When his bones are found fifty and sixty feet under 
ground, reaching back into the Paleolithic period, there you 
find his flint implements. Coming on down through the 
Neolithic period of many thousands of years, you find a 
greater number and a greater variety of flint tools. Then, 
reaching through the greater part of the Historic age, you 
find him using the flint in many forms and in all of America, 
up to a very recent date, flint implements were used 

This shows how important this element has been to 
man. And what a blessing it has been to him, that it has 



THE INDIAN OR MOUND BUILDER. 



3 



been strewn over the whole face of the earth, furnishing 
material for many thousands of years out of which he made 
all, or nearly all, of his tools that was necessary for him to 
have. Its hardness and the ease with which it could be 
chipped into shape, rendered it indispensable to man in the 
early ages. 

In the crust of the earth 27.89 per cent, of it is silicon. 
This, combined with 31.87 per cent, parts of oxygen makes 
silica 59.76 per cent, of the crust of the earth, and more than 
half of the known earth is silica, generally known as quartz 
of flint. All of this was prepared by God for man to use in 
his primative days. 

Location of Charleston, 

Charleston is situated in the post tertiary formation, the 
most recent of the periods. During this was when the 
glacial period was formed, which covered the northern part 
of the United States to a depth of 1,000 to 6,000 feet of ice. 
The south line of this glacier had the Ohio river for its 
southeast border and the Missouri river for its southwest, 
passing through Illinois about sixty miles north of Cario, 
and when it began to melt it threw out a vast sheet of 
water of great depth. 

Cause of the Glacial Period, 

The cause of the Glacier forming is supposed by some 
to have been the raising of the lands to a height of 2,000 or 
more feet above what it is today. And it is certainly proven 
by the old channel of the Hudson river, as surveyed and 
traced out to sea by the government to a distance of a 



4 THE INDIAN OR MOUND BUILDER. 

hundred and forty miles, as shown by James D. Dana, p. 
211. 



The Hudson as Traced out to Sea by the Government. 









OLD 




IN CHANNEL 


ON BANK OF OLD CHANNEL 


CHAN'L 


20 miles out to 


sea 126 ft. deep 


Original bank 60 ft. deep 


66 


40 " 44 44 


120 4 4 " 


90 


60 44 


" 252 4 « 44 


180 4 4 4 4 


72 


80 " " " 


4 4 258 4 4 4 4 


180 4 4 4 4 


78 


100 44 44 " 


4 4 246 4 4 4 4 


240 44 4 4 


06 


120 " " 44 


«, 109g «« «. 


300 4 4 4 4 


798 


130 44 44 M 


" 1770 44 44 


600 44 4 4 


1170 


140 " «■ " 


44 2070 " 


4 4 1800 4 4 4 4 


270 



A proof of the high elevation in the Glacial period is 
afforded by the river valleys of the coast region between 
southern Maine and Hudson Bay. Some of the fiords, the 
depths of which were found by soundings, are stated by 
Spencer to be from 2,000 to 3,670 feet below sea level. See 
J. D. Dana, p. 948. 

The height of the ice at Mount Washington is placed at 
not less than 6,500 feet. The Adirondacks at 7,000. See 
J. D. Dana, page 948. 

The thickness of the ice along the Canada water shed is 
placed at 4000 to 5000 feet, and south of that at from 1000 
to 3000 feet. See J. D. Dana, page 953. 

The ancient bed of the Ohio river was 150 feet deeper 
than that over which it now flows, having been filled up 
with glacial debris to its present level. See page 270, Ice 
Age, by G. F. Wright. 

Mr. Wright gives the width of the Mississippi at from 
five to ten miles and several hundred feet deep below St. 
Louis,. See page 281, Ice Age, by G. F. Wright. 

See map of G. F. Wright, page 174, showing the ice 



THE INDIAN OR MOUND BUILDER. 



5 



drainage down to the Ohio, Mississippi and Missouri on 
down the Bay of Mississippi. 

The head of the Bay of Mississippi began some twenty- 
five miles above Cairo and the bay extended to the Gulf of 
Mexico, being about six hundred miles long and near one 
hundred miles broad and filled during the glacial period 
with clay, sand and gravel from two hundred to five 
hundred feet in depth. 

Think of the crushing, grinding force of that vast pack 
of ice moving slowly over the earth as shown by the grooves 
cut out in the rocks. 

The glaciers were the mills of the God that no doubt 
ground up the rocks preparatory to carpeting the earth with 
a rich vegetation, it in turn nourishing the animal life. 

In finishing this part of the country there was a blanket 
of red clay from two to four feet in thickness spread over 
the sand and gravel. On top of this was another blanket of 
black sand from naught to four feet in thickness with a few 
rifts in it where the clay protruded. 

This glacial period is estimated to have lasted from 200,- 
000 to 300,000 years and to have ended in this locality from 
10,000 to 15,000 years ago (J. D. Dana). 

Niagara Falls, from some surveys made about fifty years 
ago, it is calculated, have receded about a mile in a thousand 
years. The falls are seven miles away from where they 
started, and it has been seven thousand years since the 
glacier disappeared from that region. 

It is reasonable to suppose that it disappeared from 
Southern Illinois at a much earlier date and formed the 
strata in the red clay. These strata are separated by dark 



6 



THE INDIAN OR MOUND BUILDER. 



carboniferous-looking material from a quarter to a half inch 
in thickness, that burns when set on fire. 

Now, these strata were formed during the advancing and 
retreating of the ice. 

When the periods of change came on and the cold would 
pour down upon this country, the ice would cease to melt, 
the waters no longer flooded the country, vegetation would 
spring up and for many years this vegetation grew very 
rankly out of the virgin soil. 

Then another change came perhaps, brought about by 
the continued southern winds melting the ice. Then came 
floods with their sediments, covering up the vegetation 
which formed these black strata ; then after a long period the 
ice would again advance and then retreat until the current 
of the water became more swift; then the clay was carried 
on and in its place came the sand that now covers this land, 
mostly a rich black loam. 

These changes of soil and ridges were brought about by 
ice dams. Imagine, if you can, a cake of ice averaging 4,000 
feet thick, about 1,600 miles east and west and 1,200 miles 
north to south, pouring its floods of ice and water down 
the valleys of the Mississippi and Ohio, over what is known 
in geology as the Bay of the Mississippi, expanding from 
ten to sixty and one hundred miles wide, and as the waters 
spread out became more shallow, grounding the large cakes 
of ice, making ice dams here and there, forming banks of 
sand behind the dams and strata of clay in front of the 
dams. One of these sand ridges was forty one feet high. 
This was the highest ridge I measured. It lies about eight 
miles northwest of Charleston. There are hundreds of 
other ridges of various heights in the same vicinity. 



THE INDIAN OR MOUND BUILDER. 



7 



Around Charleston the surface is level with about one 
foot fall per mile to the south. An ideal home for the 
mound builder, with no rocks to injure his flint hoes. 

Ruins in Java. 

In the Island of Java the country abounds with remark- 
able Temple ruins, of which the Temple of Borobodo is the 
most wonderful. There are seven tiers of terraced walls, 
one above the other, surmounted by a triple circle of 
seventeen towers surrounding the dome. The temple is 
620 feet square and rises to a height of 100 feet. The walls 
are profusely ornamented with sculpture. Wallace says 
the amount of human labor and skill expended on the great 
pyramids of Egypt sinks into insignificance when compared 
with that required to complete this sculptured hill temple 
in the interior of Java. (See American Cyclopedia.) 

Ruins in Ceylon. 

Sir Samuel Baker, in his eight years wandering in 
Ceylon, described the ruins of Anaradupoora, which covers 
256 square miles of ground, a square of sixteen miles. The 
causeway that approached the city was massive granite 
steps. He then goes on and gives a grand description of the 
city as it appeared in the days of its prosperity. It was 
supposed to have contained millions of inhabitants. Then 
he describes the present condition. He says: "It has 
vanished like a tale that is told. It is passed away like a 
dream; the palaces are dust; the grassy sod has grown in 
mounds over the ruins of the streets and fallen houses. 
Nature has turfed them in one common grave with their 



8 THE INDIAN OR MOUND BUILDER. 

inhabitants. The lofty palms have faded away and given 
place to forest trees; the bear and the leopard crouch in 
the porches of the temple ; the owls roost in the casements 
of the palaces; the jackall roams among the ruins and finds 
nothing to appease his hunger. There is their handwriting 
upon the temple, upon the granite slab which has mocked 
at time, but there is no man to decipher it. There are the 
gigantic idols before whom millions have bowed. No 
mortal man can say what fate befell those hosts of heathens 
nor when they vanished from the earth. " 

The thousands of mounds scattered over the United 
States are monuments left to tell the tale of the poor Indian. 
The white man has dispossessed him and left him almost 
without a habitation. 

In Easter Island. 

Easter Island is distant about 2,300 miles from the 
coast of South America. It is eleven miles long and six 
miles wide. The present inhabitants belong to the Polyne- 
sian race. The island contains several gigantic stone 
statues tolerably well chiseled. The largest of these is 
forty feet high and measures nine feet across the shoulders. 
Many stand in the crater of the great volcano, while others 
are scattered about the island generally prostrate. Quite 
a number unfinished are yet to be seen in the quarries. 
They were certainly not made by the present race of in- 
habitants who have no tools adequate to their sculpture nor 
any means of moving such huge masses of stone. 



THE INDIAN OR MOUND BUILDER. 



9 



Polynesian Islanders. 

In the Polynesian islands, Tonga-Taboo, one of the 
Friendly groups of the Polynesian islands, is a wonderful 
and remarkable megalith, the base of which rests on 
uprights, thirty feet high and supports a colossal stone bowl, 
which is no less than thirteen feet in diameter, by one foot 
in height. In the same island is a trilithon, consisting of 
a traverse bar resting on two pillars provided with mortices 
for its reception. The pillars weigh sixty-five tons. In a 
neighboring island is a circle of uplifted stones covering an 
area of several hundred yards, which reminds us of the 
cromlechs of Brittany. 

The so-called burial mound of Oberea, in Otheheite 
island, Polynesia, is a pyramid of which the base is a long 
square, 280 feet long by 87 feet wide. It is 43 feet high. 
The top is reached by a flight of steps cut in coralline 
rock, all these steps being of the same size and perfectly 
squared and polished. (Easter Island, Book 3, p. 5.) 

These monuments and sculptures are certainly the work 
of a race very different from the race of the present natives, 
who are altogether incapable of producing anything of the 
kind and have no prediction of their predecessors. (Nadail- 
lac Prehistoric People.) 

The Scythians. 

At an early date Scythia was a country of Northeastern 
Europe and Northwestern Asia. 

Homer speaks of a race who were milkers of mares and 
cheese eaters, which corresponds with Hessiod's descrip- 



10 



THE INDIAN OR MOUND BUILDER. 



tion of the Scythians. Heroditus describes the country as 
near 500 miles square. 

Only a few of the tribes attended to agricultural pur- 
suits and had fixed abodes. The greater part of them were 
nomadic and roamed about in their wagons, which served 
them for abodes. 

They lived principally upon animal food. They were 
good horsemen and raised a great number of horses. In 
archery they excelled other -nations. Hyprocrates describes 
them as a people having but little hair. The Scythian drank 
the blood of the first man he slew in battle and preserved 
the scalps and skins of his enimies he killed as trophies, 
showing a strong likeness to a part of the Indian race, 
especially in taking the scalps of his enemies, living on 
animal food and his not being disposed to an agricultural 
life. It is to be supposed that his having but little hair has 
reference to a scanty beard. 

The Druids. 

From what is known of the Druids, they resembled the 
angekoka of the Esquimo or the medicine men of the North 
American Indians. (Elton.) They practiced human sacri- 
fice and augury whilst at some seasons of the year, human 
victims were crucified or shot to death with arrows, or they 
would be stuffed into huge figures of wickerwork or a heap 
of hay would be laid in human shape where men, cattle and 
wild beasts were burned in general holocaust. (Ellen 
Windle's Early Britain.) 



THE INDIAN OR MOUND BUILDER. 



11 



The Malay Polynesian Race. 

The Malay Polynesian race came from southeastern 
Asia (see American Cyclopedia) and occupied the islands 
adjacent and gradually extending their territory to the east, 
either exterpating the previous inhabitants or driving them 
into the interior. The emigration of the Polynesians from 
the Island of Booro may be fixed at 1,000 B. C. The island 
of Booro lies east of the island of Celebes and west of 
Papua or New Guinea. It belongs to that part of Oceania 
called Malasia. 

The Yellow Race. 

The principal characteristics which distinguish the in- 
dividuals of the yellow race are high cheek bones, a lozenge 
shaped head, a small fiat nose, a flat countenance, narrow, 
obliquely set eyes, straight, coarse, black hair, a scanty 
beard and a complexion of the greenish hue. 

The Mongol branch has a large head, a flatter face and 
nose and smaller eyes than those of the other families. They 
have a broad chest, short neck, round shoulders, strong 
thick set limbs, short bow legs and a brownish complexion. 

The Chinese branch of the Mongol race have a broad, 
coarse face, high cheek bones, heavy jaws, a flat bridged 
nose, wide nostrils, obliquely set eyes, straight and plentiful 
hair of a brownish black color, with a red tint, thick eye 
brows, scanty beards and a yellowish red complexion. 

The Japanese are small, vigorous, active men, with 
heavy jaws, thick lips, small nose, flat at the bridge, but yet 
with an aqueline profile, their hair is somewhat inclined to 
be curly, have a . large head, rather high shoulders, a broad 



12 



THE INDIAN OR MOUND BUILDER. 



chest, a long waist, fleshy hips, slender, short legs and small 
hands and feet. The full face of those who have a very 
retreating forehead and particularly high cheek bone is 
rather square than oval in shape. The eyes are more pro- 
jecting than those of Europeans and are rather more veiled 
by the eyelid. They have sleek, thick, black hair and some 
have a considerable quantity of it on their faces. The color 
of their skin varies according to the class they belong. 
From the sallow, burnt complexion of southern Europe, the 
deep, tawny hue of the native of Java, the most general tint 
is a tawny brown. The women are fairer than the men. 
Among the upper and even the middle classes, some are to 
be met with a perfectly white complexion. They have black 
eyes and white, sound teeth. 

The Siamese of the Indo Chinese branch have rather 
a flat nose, prominent cheek bones, dull, unintelligent eye, 
broad nostrils, a wide mouth and the hair is black and 
coarse. 

The Malay race is of medium height, regularly made 
with well proportioned limbs. Their skin varies from an 
olive yellow to a reddish brown hue, somewhat slanting 
eyes, prominent cheek bones, a flat nose, smooth, black, 
glossy hair and a scanty beard. The flatness of the noses 
is attributed to an artificial cause as immediately on the 
birth of an infant this feature is compressed until the carti- 
lege is broken, for a broad, flat nose is considered a point of 
beauty. 

The Polynesian family inhabits the entire eastern part 
of Oceania. Their complexion is olive, verging on brown, 
but not copper colored. They have sinewy limbs, tall in 
stature, high foreheads, black, lively and expressive eyes 



THE INDIAN OR MOUND BUILDER. 



13 



and but slightly flattened noses, the lips are generally 
larger than those of the whites. They have handsome 
mouths and splendid teeth. Their hair is straight, long and 
black. They are experts in the management of their canoes 
and in swimming. 

The eastern branch of the Negro race is called Melanes- 
ians or Oceania Negroes. Complexion is very brown, some 
times increasing in darkness till it reaches an intense black. 
Their hair frizzled, crisp, flaky and occasionally wooly. 
Their features disagreeable, their figures of little regularity 
and their extremities often lank. They live in tribes or 
small divisions. They are divided into two families — the 
Papuan and Andaman — and inhabit the New Guinea Archi- 
pelago. They have an enormous bulk of half-wooly hair. 
Their skin is a dark brown, their hair black, their arms, 
breast and legs were more or less covered with coarse, black, 
wooly hair. They have flat noses, thick lips and broad cheek 
bones, countenance not unpleasant. They practice cannibal- 
ism, also customs of immolating widows. 

Effects of Heat. 

Livingston claims in his travels in Africa that heat will 
not turn a people black unless it is combined with moisture ; 
that the Bushmen in the Kalahara desert are much lighter 
in color than the Bushmen that live in the Zambesi river 
valley. 

Wilson, in his work on western coast of Africa, says 
that the hill tribes are lighter in color than the coast tribes, 
the coast being low and swampy. 



THE INDIAN. 

Where the Indian Originated. 



From the color of their skin, their straight, coarse, black 
hair, scanty beard, black eyes and high cheek bones, they 
are undoubtedly of Asiatic and Oceanic origin. 

There is quite a difference of opinion as to where man 
originated. Some say Asia, some Europe and others, Africa. 
There is no doubt he started in a warm climate, as the great 
masses of mankind are either naked or scantily clad. The 
Bible account of Adam and Eve is that they started out 
naked. 

Description of the Indian. 

His complexion differs from the dark brown of the 
California tribes to the almost white of the Mandans and 
the Chinooks. The beard is scanty, except among the 
Athabascans and is prevented from appearing by the custom 
of plucking it out. The 'Indian has a dull, sleepy, half 
closed eye, with little fire unless when the passions are 
excited. The features are frequently regular and the expres- 
sion noble. Many of the women are handsome. The skin 
is thinner, softer and smoother than in the white races. 
The practice of artificially moulding the skull was often 
adopted. The average volume of the brain as measured, 
is nearly 650 cubic inches. The crania is only 77 cubic 
inches for the semi-civilized and 84 inches for the barbar- 




MOUND BUILDER. 
Reproduced from a figure in my collection. 



THE INDIAN OR MOUND BUILDER. 15 

ous tribes. Dr. Morton, from a scientific examinataion 
of skulls from existing tribes and ancient tombs, considers 
the American nations, excepting the polar tribes, as of one 
specie and one race, but of two great families, which 
resemble each other in physical, but differ in intellectual 
character. 

Cyclopedia Description of American Indian. 

It first quotes from Lawrence, who gives as follows r 
Skin brown or cinnamon-hued, iris dark, hair long, black 
and straight, beard scanty, eyes deep-seated, nose broad but 
prominent, lips full and rounded and face broad across the 
cheeks, which prominent but less angular than in the Mon- 
golian and with the features distinct. The general shape of 
head is square, with low but broad forehead, back of 
head flattened, top elevated, face much developed and pow- 
erful jaws, the placental region is much developed, the orbits 
are very large, the hands and feet small and well proportion- 
ed and the teeth white and sound, the facial angle about 75 
degrees. The average stature is no greater than in other 
races. Muscular development is not great. (Taken from 
American Cyclopedia.) 



HOW THIS COUNTRY WAS MOST LIKELY 
PEOPLED AND THROUGH 
WHAT CAUSES. 

1st — By explorers from the coast of Asia, especially from 
China and Japan. 

2d — Drifting when lost at sea, carried by sea currents with 
the trade winds blowing toward America. 

3d — In case of invasion by the enemy in their island homes, 
when defeated they took to their boats and were 
compelled to try to find another habitation. 

4th — In case of famine from drouths they were compelled 
to leave their island homes and try to find sustenance 
in another clime. 

5th — In many cases of rebellion against oppression or other 
causes, the weaker party found another abode on 
some distant island, or in America, or in a watery 
grave. 

6th — When the island became too densely populated, a part 
of the population was compelled to hunt for another 
place in which to abide. 

7th — No doubt ambitious and daring men, that loved to 
rove with their followers, went out to explore the 
sea and find new homes. 

The greatest aid in bringing people to this country were 
the sea currents and trade winds blowing toward America. 



THE INDIAN OR MOUND BUILDER. 



17 



The Japanese or North Pacific current is very favorable to 
ships or boats drifting to America. 

The most favorable route is a sea current starting in 
Micronesia, at the Gilbert island. It is about 150 miles wide 
and running along the north side of the Equator to America, 
a distance of near seven thousand miles and favored by the 
trade winds. This sea current divides near the coast of 
Panama, a part of it going north and part south. The part 
going north favoring the landing of the people on the coast 
of Central America and Mexico. The part south is favor- 
able to a landing on the coast of Colombia, Ecuador or 
Peru. The cold Antarctic current sweeping the coast of 
South America south of Peru was not favorable to emi- 
gration, as it came from a barren, cold country, Micronesia 
amd Polvnesia lying along the Equatorial current, whose 
vast body of islands, no doubt, furnished many of the 
settlers of America. 

There is no doubt that the first settlers of America were 
an amalgamation of many of the races of the Pacific, such 
as the Japanese, Chinese, Polynesian and Micronesian races, 
all belonging to the yellow race. Figuier describes the 
Chinese as of a yellowish, red complexion ; the Japanese, of 
a sallow brown ; the Polynesian an olive verging on brown ; 
the Malay race from an olive to a reddish brown hue; the 
Mongols a yellow race. The American Indian approaches 
closely to the yellow races belonging to Asia. Their com- 
plexion varies from a yellow to a red copper color. The 
denomination of Red Race, Figuier says, is a defective one, 
as several tribes ranked in this group have no shade of red 
in their color. 

The two Americas, eight thousand miles long from north 



IS 



THE INDIAN OR MOUND BUILDER. 



to south, caught all that drifted to its shores. When all of 
the habitable islands of the world are occupied by man, 
what wonder is it that large continents should catch its 
thousands? 

Man first learned to build boats before he could navigate 
the seas and was well advanced in boat building before he 
could build one in which he could venture out upon the 

ocean. 

Mr. Figuier says : "The New Zealand canoes were hol- 
lowed out of the trunk of a single tree and generally about 
40 feet long." Mr. Lesson measured a specimen that was 
made in this way of one piece, the depth of which was three 
feet, the breadth four and the length sixty feet. These 
canoes are capable of holding about 40 warriors. The sails 
consisted of red mats coarsely woven. 

The Tongas of the Friendly islands, says the same 
authority, make canoes that are cf remarkable proportions, 
elegance and finish. They know how to manufacture cloth 
mats and reed baskets. 

The Tahitians' chief work is the manufacture of cloth 
from various barks from the paper mulberry tree and the 
bread tree. 

Capt. Cook, speaking of the Sandwich Islanders, found 
the warriors dressed with mantles of feathers and they had 
neat and elegant shaped canoes. 

The Micronesian Islanders manufactured canoes and 
cloth. (Figuier.) 

The Philipinos built junks, made of plaited bamboo, 
manned by a couple of hundred warriors and rowers, spread 
such powerful sails and possessed such speed that they were 
the envy of the Spanish ship builders. (Figuier.) 



THE INDIAN OR MOUND BUIIJDBR. 19 

One thing that indicates that the Indians who first came 
to America were castaways, was the failure to bring the 
cereals, vegetables and domestic animals from the other 
countries to America. 

The yellow races from both the islands and the conti- 
nent of Asia have landed upon our shores and the combina- 
tion has formed new races and new languages. 

Take a few Esquimaux, Japanese, Chinese, Hindoos and 
Malays and put them upon an island and breed them 
together and in 500 years what would be their language 
and their physical makeup? The color of their eyes, hair 
and skin would not change much. Such a radical change 
as this could hardly take place, but in the first settlement 
of this country many thousands of years ago by cross-breed- 
ing, many changes may have taken place. 

If the gulf stream had been reversed, no doubt the east- 
ern part of America would have been settled by the white 
people that were grouped around the Mediterranean sea 
many thousands of years before Columbus discovered 
America. 



WHO PEOPLED THIS COUNTRY. 



It is often asked how this country was peopled. Why 
not ask how it could be otherwise peopled than from Asia, 
when the facilities are so easy for crossing over? 

Take Behring Strait for instance. We find on the coast 
of Asia a tribe of war-like people resembling our Indians, 
called Chucchees, and across the strait in Alaska we find a 
part of this same tribe living and keeping up communica- 
tion in winter by crossing on ice and in the summer, by 
canoe. 

Then drop down to Japan. There we find the North 
Pacific current from one to six hundred miles wide, brush- 
ing the island and passing in a northeasterly direction along 
the edge of the Aleutian Islands, thence in a southeasterly 
direction until near the mouth of the Columbia river, where 
the channel divides, a portion running north, edging the 
coast of British Columbia for seven or eight hundred miles, 
the other and broader channel brushing the coast of Cali- 
fornia and Mexico for more than a thousand miles, together 
with the prevailing westerly winds blowing steadily 
towards America. 

Mr. Brooks, Japanese consul, gives an account of forty- 
odd Japanese junks having lodged on the coast of California 
in fifty years. 

Or they could have crossed at the Aleutian Isles in sail 
boats or by paddles to the southern part of Alaska, without 



THE INDIAN OR MOUND BUILDER. 



21 



being out of sight of land at any time more than a few 
hours. 

Whymper, in his Atlas, page 250, refers to Japanese 
wrecks and especially to one which, after drifting ten 
months, reached the Sandwich Islands. The Hawaiians on 
seeing the crew, said: "It is plain now we came from 
Asia." 

At the present day natives of the South Pacific islands 
undertake, without a compass, and successfully, long 
voyages which astonish even the jack tar, who is not often 
astonished at anything. (Kennon in Leland's Fusang, 
pages 71-2.) 

Or take the case of Capt. Bligh, who afterwards became 
admiral in the British Navy. In the year 1787, at the 
Otaheite Island, in the East Indies, his crew mutinied. 
They put Capt. Bligh and twenty men who were faithful to 
him, in an open boat, only twenty-five feet long, with only 
five days' rations for nine ; water, bread and pork were 
thrown into it. He had a compass but no weapons, mast 
or sail and the gunwales were only a few inches above the 
surface of the water. With a pair of apothecary's scales, 
the captain measured the scant provisions of five days to 
make them last fifty, in which time he hoped to reach the 
Philippine Islands or Java, nearly four thousand miles 
distant. Favored by the monsoon and the stormless 
showers, they accomplished the voyage. (See Fountaine 
"How the World was Peopled," page 210.) 

Captain Cook found at Watteoo three natives of Ota- 
heite who had lost their ocean path and had been blown 
away five hundred and fifty miles from the land of their 
birth. (Fountain's, page 186.) 



22 



THE INDIAN OR MOUND BUILDER. 



Kotzebue found on one of the Caroline Isles, a native of 
Ulea, who had been driven by the winds after a voyage of 
eight months to this spot, which was fifteen hundred miles 
from his native land. He and his companion had performed 
this remarkable voyage in an open, single canoe with out- 
riggers. (Fountaine's, page 186.) 

Commodore Perry, when in command of the Japan 
expedition, on his return voyage in the open West Pacific 
ocean, took on board a boat load of twelve savages who 
called themselves Lillibaboos. They could give him no 
intelligible idea of the island from whence they came. They 
were lost and were drifting before the wind. 

The Malays of the Islands were a nautical and adven- 
turous people. Their double canoes, made of the hollowed 
trunks of trees lashed together and furnished with out- 
riggers, formed of light and bouyant logs of bamboo which 
grows from forty to fifty feet in height and eight inches in 
diameter, these attached to their gunwales, and projecting 
a considerable distance beyond their sides, can not be 
capsized. The bamboo is the gigantic bulrush. (Isaiah, 18 
C, 2 V., speaks of sending embassadors by vessels of bul- 
rushes upon the water, saying: "Go, ye swift messengers, 
to a land beyond the river Etheopia to a nation scattered,' , 
etc., showing that they used the same vessels to traverse 
the ocean two thousand five hundred and ninety years ago, 
that they use today.) 

The inhabitants of the Polynesian isles embark with 
their families in their double canoes, supplied with their 
calabashes and angling implements, live upon the ocean far 
out of sight of land. Their greatest danger for want of a 



THE INDIAN OR MOUND BUILDER. 



23 



compass is losing their reckoning and being carried by the 
sea currents and winds to some other lands. 

Lyell, an extensive traveler and a man of science, 
remarks in his Principles of Geology, Vol. 2, page 121, that 
if the whole of mankind, with the exception of a single family 
occupying either of the two great continents or Australia, 
or even one of the coral islands of the Pacific were cut off, 
we would expect their descendants, though they should 
never become more enlightened than the South Sea 
Islander or Esquimaux, to spread in the course of ages 
over the whole earth diffused partly by the tendency of 
population to increase beyond the means of subsistence in 
a limited district and partly by the accidental drifting of 
canoes, by tides and currents to distant shores. (Wilkes' 
Explorations, page 163.) 

In 1189, fourteen men sailed in a kayak (that was made 
together with wooden pegs and sewed with animal sinews) 
from the Greenland Cross Islands and safely landed in the 
haven of Briedafjord, Iceland. (See P. De Roos' America 
Before Columbus.) 

Von Humbolt, in his views of Nature, refers to a canoe 
in the museum of Mariscal College, Aberdeen, Scotland, 
which was picked up by a ship on the Aberdeen coast, with 
an Esquimo in it still alive and surrounded by his fishing 
gear, that had drifted across the Atlantic ocean. 

In Percy's Anecdotes, page 186, Mr. Powell, Command- 
er of the Queen Charlotte, recovered from one of the Mar- 
quesas Islands, a man that had been a solitary inhabitant 
for nearly three years. The flesh and blood of birds were 
his sole aliment. With the latter he quenched his thirst 
in seasons of long dryness. 



24 



THE INDIAN OR MOUND BUILDER. 



Capt. Joshua Slocum sailed around the world, a single 
handed voyage of 46,000 miles in the sloop, Spray. Her 
size as measured at the custom house was 40 feet long over 
all, 14 feet and 2 inches wide and 4 feet and 4 inches deep 
in the hold, his tonnage being nine tons, net. In crossing 
in the Pacific he sailed from Cape Horn to Juan Fernandes, 
thence to the Marqueas Island, thence to the Samoan 
islands to Australia, then taking advantage of the South 
Equatorial current going west. 

We find nearly every island in the Pacific that is 
capable of sustaining life peopled by the Malay colored 
races and they are very much like our American Indians, 
man seems to have always been a migrating individual. 
America was a great barrier, reaching almost from pole to 
pole, catching the migrating and cast-a-ways. 

I have written about the cast-a-ways that one might 
learn that a man could be blown about on the sea for ten 
months or more and a distance of thousands of miles in a 
small boat and not starve for water or provisions and how 
easily the trip could be made from China, Japan and other 
countries by following the North Pacific current with the 
winds blowing constantly to America. 

When Man Came to This Locality. 

Man came to this locality during the deposit of the last 
foot of red clay, a glacial deposit. In this deposit I find 
scattered about in a few places pottery balls in the shape 
described by Evans. Great Britain, page 373, Naidaillac 
Pre. Am., page 279, Dictionary or Class Ant., page 503, by 
Nettleship and Sandys. 

These balls are shaped as only man could shape them 



THE INDIAN OR MOUND BUILDER. 



25 



and most of them are burned to a red or yellowish color, 
many of them with the prints of the fingers left on them in 
shaping them, but so far I have not found a bone nor a piece 
of flint or pottery in this deposit, except the pottery balls. 

On top of this red clay from naught to four feet in 
depth, is deposited a rich, black sand. 

This country is three hundred and twenty feet above 
sea level. Dana and others show that in the Eocene period 
it was under the sea. 

The nearest rock suitable for the mound builders to 
manufacture their tools out of is something like forty miles 
from here. The black sand in some places is rich in mound 
builders' relics, of which I have a large number, several 
thousand. I neither sell nor exchange, and have been 
accumulating for thirty years, and I have a great variety 
of them. 

The time estimated as to the age of the glacial period is 
200,000 to 300,000 years. The ice covered the country from 
the North Pole to the Ohio and Missouri rivers from one 
thousand to six thousand feet thick in the United States, 
draining lower Central Canada down the Mississippi river 
into the Gulf. 

It is estimated by Mr. Frederick Wright that it has 
been 7,500 years since the ice of the Glacial period melted 
and passed away at Niagara Falls. 

Many of the surface finds of relics in this county show 
fine workmanship. Their chipping was carried to perfection 
in the manufacture of hoes and spades, their scrapers being 
grinded on one side and chipped on the other, giving them a 
smoother cutting edge. Their work was fine in picking out 
the inside of their whirls. Their drilling was quite perfect 



26 



THE INDIAN OR MOUND BUILDER. 



not only in the depth, but straight through the hardest of 
rocks, and some very small holes were drilled. In making 
their pottery they showed great skill. They kneaded into 
their clay different materials. They ground up the broken 
vessels for some mixtures, ground shells for other mix- 
tures, red ochre for others, yellow ochre for some and black 
carbon for others, and white clay or chalk for some. 

Their pottery was all baked, rarely heated to a red 
heat, some was thick and occasionally it was delicately 
thin. The lines some drew in painting their vessels were 
straight and of uniform width and many of their drawings 
showed skill. 

The working of Flour spar was done very perfectly. It 
is four in hardness, quartz being seven, would readily cut it 
down. A little owl I have shows great skill in forming its 
ears, legs and rudiment of wings and its perfect symmetry. 

Ashes is a preserver of bones. I have taken bones out 
of ash heaps that I believe had been in them for hundreds 
of years, that looked fresh and still retaining some elastic- 
ity. 

The animals the mound builders lived upon, from the 
bones found in ash heaps, were mostly deer, coon, rabbit, 
squirrel ; also large bird and fish bones were noticed. The 
large animals, such as buffalo, elk and bear, I presume the 
meat was cut away and the bones left where the animal was 
killed. My half-sister's grandfather, who lived and hunted 
in West Tennessee, about the time Davy Crockett resided 
there, told me that in bear hunting, when he killed one he 
would skin the bear, then sew up the skin, making a bag of 
it, then cut the meat from the bones and place it in the sack 
and leave the bones in the woods. 



THE INDIAN OR MOUND BUILDER. 



27 



The bones of the buffalo, bear and elk would be 
burdensome to be carried any distance on the shoulders of 
man and leaving them in the woods would account for not 
finding them in the ash heaps. 



CONSTRUCTION OF MOUNDS. 



The Aborigines of Mississippi County, Missouri, built 
mounds at a very early date after their arrival and made 
them out of the material then at hand and they continued 
to build as long as they were in the county. 

Most of them are small and were built of the light red 
or white clays, since which time the sands on the high lands 
have settled around these mounds, leaving no trace of where 
the dirt came from. 

The greater number and larger mounds were built in 
modern times and it is plain to be seen from where the 
dirt came of which they were erected. One of the largest 
mounds in this county was left in an unfinished state. It 
is of a quadrangular form, sixteen feet high on the south 
side and twenty-one feet high on the north side. On top of 
the mound it is one hundred and sixty feet long and one 
hundred and ten feet wide. It is five feet higher on the 
north side and a part of the last dirt has disseminated all 
through it, pieces of brick from the size of a small shot to 
pieces as large as a man's fist. It was dug up at some place 
about the camp and carried up and deposited on top of the 
mound. This brick is smooth on one side and rough on 
the others, as if it might have been spread upon the ground. 
It was made of mud and coarse grass thoroughly mixed and 
burned after being spread and was not used to plaster the 
building as there is no sign or imprint of lathing of any 
description. It is generally about two to three inches in 



THE INDIAN OR MOUND BUILDER. 



29 



thickness. I have something like a bushel of pieces three to 
six inches long and three and four inches wide. I have 
pieces of plastering from one inch wide to three inches long 
and from one-half to one inch thick with no grass mixed 
with it. One side is smooth and slightly concave, the other 
has a perfect imprint of cane that has been split in the cen- 
ter and placed close together. But how this plastering be- 
came burned to a red color, is something 'I do not under- 
stand, unless after the plastering was taken off of the build- 
ing they used it to build their fires upon and after being 
burned in that way it became scattered about. The most 
that I found was in a circular depression about 25 feet in 
diameter and about a foot in depth in the center. It was 
scattered about through the earth for a foot or more in 
depth, but it was not mixed with the ashes, charcoal and 
bones that I found in the center of the depression. 

The earliest built mounds were made of the clay strata 
and the latest on the higher lands of the black sand and the 
latest in the river bottoms of the black clay and sandy 
loam. 

Near the mounds is sometimes a hole in form of a cone 
reversed, from five to ten feet deep, that I claim is a sloping 
well used by the Indians for drinking and culinary purposes. 
The dirt was used for erecting mounds and digging a 
sloping well at the same time. Some of their camping 
places were out of reach of water, especially during a 
drought, compelling them to resort to this means to obtain 
it, as water is near the surface in this locality. 

The mounds and villages were built mostly at the 
joining of the high and low lands where wood and water 
were at hand. 



30 



THE INDIAN OR MOUND BUILDER. 



The mounds of this county are conical and quadrangu- 
lar. The conical is the form of the oldest mounds, as shown 
by their being, in most cases, no trace of where the dirt 
came from that built the mound, while near the quadrangu- 
lar mounds are still large cavities or pits in close proximity 
to the mounds. And one of the largest mounds in the 
county seems not to have been completed. 

Sizes of Mounds. 

Among the hundreds of mounds in this county, there 
is not one that resembles bird, beast or reptile. 

There are hundreds of mounds or elevations from six 
inches to twenty-five feet in height and from fifteen to 
one hundred feet in diameter. Sometimes in groups of ten 
to fifteen, sometimes a single one, most always on the 
border of some lake, bayou, slough or pond. One of the 
large groups of mounds has an embankment thrown up 
enclosing ten or fifteen acres. 

The fire beds, composed of burned earth, ashes and broken 
pottery, are covered with earth from eighteen inches to four 
feet in depth, showing that there were inhabitants of this 
county many ages ago. 

I find it covered to the above depth where the ground is 
above the floods of the Mississippi. 

The fire beds above spoken of are not always on the 
mounds but mostly on the level ground. 

I have found some fire beds on mounds. One I found 
at a depth of three feet and under that about the same depth 
I found another, showing that the mound was built in 
layers, at different periods of time. 



THE INDIAN OR MOUND BUILDER. 



31 



I find some of the mounds have scattered throughout 
them small pieces of broken pottery, showing the dirt was 
taken form around their dwellings. 

Their burial mounds are generally from six inches to 
ten feet in height, but mostly from eighteen inches to four 
feet in height. 

In the mounds they are generally buried from one foot 
to six feet in depth, mostly from two to three feet. 

From appearances, they practiced scaffold burial. I 
judge this from the position of the bones, and sometimes 
quite a number are missing. Sometimes the skull, but 
generally it and the thigh bones are found lying together, 
the skull being placed a few inches from the leg bones. I 
have often found as high as four skulls together in one 
place. I found a mass of bones six inches in depth and eight 
or ten feet square and but few skulls. 

Also two large pots filled with human bones. In one 
was two skulls, two or three of the larger bones, some ribs, 
a few of the back, feet, hand and arm bones. 

One of the pots or urns 'I preserved, together with the 
bones. The other was destroyed by the man 'I had digging 
while I was in another part of the farm. 

The bones were packed in the urn very closely and 
partly covered over with fragments of large vessels, one of 
the skulls filling the remainder of the open space. To the 
bottom of the urn was about four feet from the surface of 
the ground, but rather on the outer edge of the burial 
mound, surrounded by a large number of ordinary burials 
in two layers. 

The burial urn is thirteen inches deep, sixteen inches 



12 



THE INDIAN OR MOUND BUILDER. 



in diameter at its broadest part, the top narrowing to eleven 
and one quarter inches in diameter. 

The pottery is generally well preserved when found in 
the sand but in the clay it is soft and has to be handled with 
great care. 



INDIANS AND THEIR WORKS. 



The mound builder had made considerable progress in 
the arts when he disappeared by the hands of the white man. 
Among the last of his race seems to have been the Arkansas 
and Natchez 'Indians, also Taensas and Yazoo Indians. The 
making of pottery, its beautiful symmetry, its well-propor- 
tioned human, animal and bird forms, accurately portrayed 
what they intended to imitate ; also their imitating of 
pumpkins, squash, gourds, fishes, frogs, shells, etc. 

The painting of their pottery was very creditable. The 
bands they drew around the vessels were very accurately 
drawn. The sun drawn upon some vessels was very 
creditably done, showing some degree of cultivation. 

Their drilling of some of the hardest rocks was quite a 
credit to them and was as well done as the white man could 
do it with the advantage of all of his improved instruments. 

His flaking of some of his implements was carried to 
perfection, especially in carrying a row of flakes across a 
five or six inch flint hoe, keeping the curves of the hoe 
uniform. 

His carving of axes, hatchets, whirls, paint cups, pipes 
and ceremonial stones, are all creditably done and espe- 
cially some of the flour spar jewelry would be hard to excel. 

Then comes the polishing of his various implements, 
jewelry, and the like, which was done very perfectly, 
especially in the formation of his jewelry. 

The dress of the women (judging from one image I 



34 



THE INDIAN OR MOUND BUILDER. 



have) consisted of a long skirt that came to her feet. Two 
figures show a skirt coming to their knees. These gar- 
ments, I presume, rested upon the shoulders, as there is no 
indication of a cord or belt having been fastened around 
the waist. Another figure shows the head covered with a 
shawl, reaching down near the eyes, also covering the 
mouth. There is one figure of a man that indicates dress; 
he is nude with the exception of a red breech clout painted 
upon him. The remainder of the body is painted with 
white stripes. 

The hair was done up in many and various forms, also 
some very peculiar head coverings. 

The carving and polishing of their large greenstone axes 
and their forms show considerable taste as well as useful- 
ness. 

Location of Some of the Indians on the Mississippi. 

The Arkansas Indians lived some distance below the 
Ohio river. In 1699 they lived near the mouth of the Ar- 
kansas river. 

The Tonicas Indians lived fifty leagues below the Ar- 
kansas, opposite the Red river. 

The Taensas Indians lived twenty leagues below the 
Tonicas. 

The Natchez Indians lived where the city of Natchez 
now stands. 

The above Indians, I believe, once lived in this locality 
because of finding the mud and straw mixture, also the 
impress of cane in plastering. 



THE INDIAN OR MOUND BUILDER. 



23 



Dress. 

Arkansas Indians — The women and girls are quite 
naked. They throw around them a buffalo robe when they 
go out. They have a skin hanging down from the waist, 
reaching to the knees. Some have a small deer skin like a 
scarf. (Year 1699, Shea, page 75.) 

Taensas Indians — On account of the great heat, the 
men go naked. The women and girls not well 
covered and the girls up to 12 years of age go entirely 
naked. (Shea, Down Mississippi, page 77.) 

Tonicas Indians — (50 leagues below the Arkansas In- 
dians). The married women are covered from the waist to 
the knees and the girls naked to the age of 12 and some- 
times until they are married. Clothes after the fashion of 
fringes scarcely covering them. (Shea D. M., page 81). 

Taensas dress in white blankets made from the bark of 
a tree. (See Shea, Dis. Miss., page 175.) Fans of white 
feathers. (Shea.) 

The Yazoo women wear a petticoat, that is from the 
waist to below the knees (very decent). There is a fringe 
well worked as well as their mantle, either all uniform or 
worked in lozenges or in squares or in ermine, which they 
usually wear as a sash, rarely on the two shoulders. The 
women have a great tress of hair on the back, which hangs 
down below the waist, also they make a crown of it around 
the head. Sometimes the men and women have mantles 
of turkey feathers or of muskrat skins well woven and 
worked. 

The Natchez women are clothed with a mantle that 
comes down below the knees. (Shea, page 141.) 



36 



THE INDIAN OR MOUND BUILDER. 



The Houmas — The dress of the women is a fringed 
robe which covers them from the waist to below the knees. 
When they leave their cabin, they put on a robe of musk- 
rat skins or turkey feathers. They wear skirts of cotton 
that reach as far as the knees and over them, half sleeves 
of scraped deer skin. The shirts are open in front. They 
wear shoes. (DeVaca, page 157.) 

The women cover the whole body. They wear shoes 
and buskins made of tanned skins. The women wear cloaks 
over their small under petticoats, with sleeves gathered up 
at the shoulders, all of skin and something like sanbenitos, 
with a fringe which will reach half way down the thigh 
over the petticoat. (Coronado, page 71.) 

They wear long robes of feathers and of skins of hares 
and cotton blankets. (Coronado, page 92.) The women 
wear skirts that reach to their feet. (Coronado, page 153.) 
Shields interwoven with thread. (Ranjel, page 138.) Made 
cloth of -nettles, flax and bark. (LaSalle Cavalier, page 28.) 
Cloth of feathers and hair of animals. (Cavalier, page 32.) 
Cloth of bird feathers and hair of animals. (Cavalier, page 
38.) Mulberry cloth, Yazoo Indians (Shea, Gravier, page 
134). Cloth with mantle (Shea, Gravier, page 141). Robe 
of turkey feathers, (Gravier, page 147). Dressed in white 
blankets of bark, (Shea, Membro, page 175). 

Their bodies were wrapped in a white cloth over which 
was a kind of net with wide meshes in which were stuck 
feathers. (Nadaillac, Pre. His. Am., page 177.) 

A mound near the great Miami river, Ohio, yielded 
several fragments of half burnt cloth. (Nadaillac, page 
177.) 

In Iowa copper axes wrapped in well preserved cloth. 



THE INDIAN OR MOUND BUILDER, 



37 



In Illinois copper turtles were enveloped successively in a 
vegetable tissue. (Nadaillac, page 177-8). 

Several gentlemen of the Davenport Academy, Iowa, 
recovered a number of copper axes, wrapped in mound 
builders cloth. (John T. Short, page 37). 

American bottom, Illinois, on removing a mound, was 
found with copper relics wrapped in matting; nearest to 
the copper was a fine cloth of animal hair. (John T. Short, 
page 43). 

The hair of the buffalo and other animals is manufactur- 
ed into blankets. In the same manner they construct mats 
from flags and rushes. (Hunter, page 289, 290). 

Beautiful fabrics of wool, grass and cotton made by the 
Comanches, Navajoes and Apaches and their modes of 
spinning. (W. W. Beach, page 252 to 360). 

A copper ornament found by Prof. Putnam, near Nash- 
ville, Tenn., showed that it had come in contact with a 
finely woven fabric. (Ant. of Tenn. by Thurston, page 
268). 

Hundreds of vessels impressed with coarser grades of 
cloth and matting. (Ant. of Tenn., Thurston, page 269.) 

Cloth. 

The Panifmahaus and Ontotontas Indians made cloth of 
buffalo wool, also of nettles, wild flax and the bark of trees, 
in eastern part of Texas, 130 miles from the Gulf of Mexico. 
(Shea, M. V., page 28.) 

The Senis Indians, near the above, made cloth of 
feathers and hair of animals. (Shea, page 32.) 



38 



THE INDIAN OR MOUND BUILDER. 



The Yazoo have a strong thick cloth of mulberry bark 
they spin like hemp or flax. (Shea, E. M. V., page 134.) 

We also saw many deer skins and among them mantles 
made of thread of poor quality. Indians who wore feather 
bushes. (A. N. C. DeVaca, page 25, years, 1528 to 1536.) 

And gave us many cloth blankets. (DeVaca, page 
153.) 

Presents of much cloth and turquoises. (Coronado, page 
41.) 

They raised much cotton. (Coronado, page 181). 
The Toltecs could spin, weave and dye cloth. (See 
Nadaillac, Pre. Am., page 276.) 

Description of Looms. 

See Hunter's work, page 289 and 290. 
See old Scottish loom. (Part in present Mitchell, page 
29). 

DuTratz describes the process of weaving practiced by 
the Natchez Indians. (Ant. of Tenn., by Thurston, page 
268). 

In Mr. Houck's History of Missouri, page 141, is an 
order by Penalosa which provides that Indians shall not 
be employed in spinning and weaving without Governor's 
license. 

Felling Trees. 

The Indian had two methods of felling trees. One was 
to burn the tree down, the other was to maul it down with 
stone mauls. An account of the felling of the tree is given 
in Stephen D. Peat Magazine, by a Californian in the early 



THE INDIAN OR MOUND BUILDER. 



39 



days of crossing the plains. The tree was selected, the In- 
dians gathered their mauls and pounded upon the tree until 
the outer part was mashed and broken into splinters. They 
then took stone chisels and broke out the splinters until the 
tree fell. The village took part in felling the tree, but no 
part in digging or burning out the dugout. The man and 
his wife did that. 

Houses. 

The walls of the houses of the Taensas Indians were 
made of earth mixed with straw. The roof is of canes, 
which form a dome, adorned with paintings. (Shea, 
History of Mississippi, page 175). 

The Tonicas' houses were made of palisades and earth. 
(Shea, page 80). 

The Tyacappen Indians, not far from where LaSalle 
was killed, in Eastern Texas, built their houses with canes 
which were interlaced and plastered. 

The cabin of the Yazoo are round and vaulted. They 
are lathed with split canes and plastered with mud from 
bottom to top within and without, with a good covering 
of straw, no opening but the door. (Shea). 

Fence. 

The fence encloses the town. The fence was of large 
timber sunk deep and firmly into the earth with many poles 
the size of the arm, placed crosswise with embrasures 
coated with mud inside and out. (Elvas page 85.) 

Came to an old village with two fences and good towers 
and turrets. These walls are made by driving many thick, 



40 



THE INDIAN OR MOUND BUILDER. 



tall, straight stakes in the ground close together. These 
are then interlaced with long withes, then overlaid with clay 
within and without. (Ranjel, page 115). 

The town was well stockaded and a ditch with water 
and fish around it. (Ranjel, page 139.) 

Beds. 

The Yazoo's bed is of round canes raised on four posts, 
three feet high, and a cane mat serves as a mattress. They 
have little glazed pitchers. (Shea, E. M. V. page 135). 

Nursing Children. 

Children are nursed to the age of 12 years, when they are 
old enough to gather their own food. (DeVaca, page 117). 

Chidhimecs of Mexico suckled their children till they 
are six or seven years old. (Nadaillac, Pre. Am., page 
281). 

Food. 

The Arkansas Indians had an abundance of corn, beans 
and squashes. (Shea Early Mississippi Voyage, page 73, 
year 1699). 

The maize in pots closed which they had buried for 
concealment. (DeVaca, page 170). 

Presented us with a large number of turkey cocks with 
big wattles, much bread, pine nuts, corn meal and corn. 

The Chichamecs ate wolves, pumas, weasles, moles, 
mice; failing these they ate lizards, snakes, grass-hoppers 
and earthworms. (Nadaillac Pre. Am., page 279). 



THE INDIAN OR MOUND BUILDER. 



41 



Mortars or Grinders. 

They had many vessels for grinding maize. (A, N. C. 
DeVaca, 1528 to 1536, page 25). 

The Mexicans used a metate with its neatly shaped bed 
and rolling pin of lava to crush the maize. (Taylor's An- 
thropology, page 201). 

The mealing trough, six feet long, two feet wide, eight 
inches deep, was divided into two or three or more com- 
partments. In each compartment is a stone about eighteen 
inches long and a foot wide, set in a bed of adobe, inclined 
at an angle of 35 degrees. The upper stone is about 
fourteen inches long, three inches wide and varies in thick- 
ness, according to the fineness of the meal desired. The 
larger stone is a mata and smaller a mataka. The woman 
places the corn in the trough, grasps the mataka in both 
hands. This she slides back and forth over the mata at 
intervals. She places the material to be ground on the 
upper end of the mata. (Coronado, page 100.) 

Mr. James F. Brooks, of Cape Girardeau, lived among 
the Kickapoo Indians when he was a boy. He is now an 
old man. The Indians needed a wooden mortar in which 
to pound up some hominy. They selected a tree of the 
proper size, then went to work like their grandfathers built 
mortars. They marked the height they wanted to build 
the mortar, they then plastered the tree with a thin coat- 
ing of mud from this mark down, say twelve inches, then 
took vines and wrapped around this mud, and on this they 
put another coating of mud, keeping the top of the mud 
level or cupped up so as to hold fire and prevent it from 
rolling off. They sloped the bottom plastering out grad- 



THE INDIAN OR MOUND BUILDER. 



ually thicker until they carried it to the top. Then all 
around on top of this shoulder of mud they built a fire and 
kept it burning until the tree was burned down. If the 
mortar was not deep enough they continued to burn until 
it was of sufficient depth. The mud was used for two pur- 
poses. One was a foundation to build the fire upon. The 
other was to govern the fire and prevent burning where it 
was not needed. Mr. Brooks saw this done by the Kicka- 
poo Indians of Kansas. 

This same method of burning down trees can be used 
in burning down all of their rafters, studding and palisade 
timbers ; by using mud they could govern the burning and 
burn timbers suitable lengths for their purposes. They 
could have twenty trees or more burning at once if they 
wished to do so. 

The Pestle. 

I have described the mortar; next is the pestle. This 
was made of hard wood, a round stick of timber about four 
inches in diameter and three feet long, one end round, to 
fit the bottom of the mortar, the other end attached with 
bark or a strip of hide to the top of a pole that was strong 
enough to lift up the pestle after it was pulled down to 
mash the corn. A small sapling growing near the mortar, 
if in the proper place, is selected, if not, a pole of the right 
size, of hickory, if they can get it, is set in the ground about 
three feet at the proper distance from the mortar. 

Pots. 

The Tounika or Yazoos have in each cabin a great post 
that supports the roof, at the foot of which there are two or 
three little earthen pots near the fire, out of which they 



THE INDIAN OR MOUND BUILDER. 



43 



take a little ashes to put into these pots. This is the post 
of the spirit or Genii. Nothing could be learned from the 
Indians about the superstition. (Shea, E. M. V., page 134). 

Natchez Indians in their temples have a number of 
little earthen pots, platters and cups and little cane baskets, 
all well made. This is to serve up food to the spirits of the 
deceased chiefs. (Shea, D. M. page 139). 

Flint Knives. 

Seizing the flesh with one hand and with a flint knife in 
the other they cut off mouthfuls. (Coronado, page 194). 

Carrying Water Over Deserts. 

In crossing a desert region they take with them women 
loaded with water in gourds, and bury the gourds of water 
along the way to use when they return. They travel over 
in one day what it takes us two days to accomplish. 
(Coronado, page 37, year 1699). 

Bow Strings. 

The strings of their bows are made of deer sinews. 
(DeVaca, page 121). The sinews were partially dried, then 
beat or mashed up to a fineness, then pulled apart and 
twisted into a cord, making a fine bow string. 

2d. Take a gut of a deer, clean it nicely and twist it 
into a cord. It makes a fine, strong cord. 

3d. Take a strip of hide of deer or other animal that 
is not too thick, cut it into a strip and twist into proper 
form. 



44 



THE INDIAN OR MOUND BUILDER. 



The above were all used by the Indians for bow strings. 

I have a lot of sinews that I beat up and pulled the fibers 
apart; when I finished it, it looked like a bunch of cotton. 
It was then in shape to be twisted into such size cord as 
you wish to make. 

Running. 

They run from morning till night in pursuit of a deer, 
and kill a great many because they follow the game until 
it is worn out, some times catching it alive. (DeVaca, page 
91). Colonel Smith and Tontileango, one of his adopted 
brothers, attempted to run down and catch three horses. 
They stripped naked except breech clouts and moccasins. 
They started the horses about sunrise. Smith lost sight 
of the 'Indian about ten o'clock, but the Indian continued 
the race until about an hour by sun in the evening and gave 
up the race. As this was about the first of April, the Indian 
made a continuous run of about twelve hours. He failed 
to run down the horses, but claimed to have run down 
bears, buffaloes, elk and a deer, but could not run down a 
wolf. This running of wild animals was done when there 
was a small snow on the ground and no doubt this was one 
of the primitive methods of catching game before the in- 
vention of any weapons. 

The Arrow. 

To make one of proper size required a sprout four or 
five feet long. This was cut the required length, then the 
bark was pealed off by using a flint with a notch in the end 
or side of it. By drawing the arrow shaft through this" 



No. 8. SPEAR AND JAVELIN. 
Spear to be retained in the hand in combat with man or beast, the barbs are short 
and when driven into the body not likely to hang; in pulling- it out. 
Javelin to be thrown at man or beast, with long- barbs to hang- and impede the 
progress especially of an animal that can be overtaken and slain. 



THE INDIAN OR MOUND BUILDER. 45 

notch it scraped the bark off. Then, if the arrow had any 
crooks in it, it must be straightened. A cord was tied to 
one end of the shaft and tied to a limb of a tree or to any- 
thing so the arrow would hang down, then a heavy weight 
was tied to the other end of the shaft. This pulled the bows 
and crooks out of it, and it was left to hang until it was 
seasoned and dry before it was taken down. Then, when 
taken down, if there were any knots or rough places on the 
shaft they were rubbed off with a sand rock. Then the 
arrow shaft was split and scraped down to a point, ready 
for the insertion of the flint point. The war arrow point 
tang was dipped into glue and then inserted into the shaft, 
then a string of sinews or hide was tied above the arrow 
point. When this string dried it contracted and became 
hard and held the wood to the point very tightly. Next a 
notch was cut in the end of the shaft 'for the bow string 
to work against. Then a quill of some large bird had to 
be trimmed and fitted and tied to the shaft so that when 
the arrow is shot it would rotate and go with more accuracy. 

The Indian found, on his hunting trips through the 
woods, sprouts suitable for arrow shafts. Major Brooks 
saw the Indians in Kansas suspend their shafts with a 
weight tied to them to straighten them. 

Shooting With Bows and Arrows. 

There were men who swore that they had seen two oak 
trees, each as thick as the calf of a leg, shot through and 
through by arrows. I, myself, saw an arrow that had 
penetrated the base of a poplar tree for half a foot in length. 
(A. N. C. DeVaca, page 39). 



46 



THE INDIAN OR MOUND BUILDER. 



Their bows were thick as an arm, and from eleven to 
twelve spans long, shooting an arrow at 200 paces with 
unerring aim. (DeVaca, page 32). 

A Teys shot a bull through both shoulders with an 
arrow. (Coronado, page 71.) 

The invention of the bow was ascribed to Apollo, the 
God of fine arts. His splendid temple was built in 1269, 
B. C, at Delphi. The eastern nations were expert in 
archery. Astor of Amphipolis, upon being slighted by- 
Phillip, King of Macedonia, aimed an arrow at him. The 
arrow, on which was written, "Aimed at Phillip's right eye," 
struck it and put it out and Phillip threw back the arrow 
with these words: "If Phillip takes the town, Astor shall 
be hanged." The conqueror kept his word. The bow was 
known in England previous to A. D. 450. The usual range 
of the long bow was from 300 to 400 yards. The length of 
the bow was six feet and the arrow three feet. 'I will quote 
from George Agar Hansard's book on Archery. The bolt 
shot by the English at birds and small animals was blunt- 
headed, corresponding with the Indians' stunning arrow 
used for the same purpose. 

Some young Tartars, assembled under the window of 
the Margravine of Auspach. At fifty paces they broke an 
egg, and killed a goose at one hundred. 

The Tawney Indian hunter works at his bow from day 
to day, scraping it into form with a flint stone or the sharp 
edge of a sea shell. He next manufactures a string tough 
and strong from the entrails of a deer, or a thong of hide, 
carefully twisted for his arrows. He picks out a number of 
straight young sprigs, takes off the bark with a tool 
fashioned for that purpose, of which I have a few ; then, with 



THE INDIAN OR MOUND BUILDER. 



4 7 



a sand rock he dresses them smooth and nicely. The notch 
in the arrows he cuts with a beaver's tooth, set in a small 
stick. He then coils the feather around the arrow and 
fastens the ends. This is to make the arrow revolve in its 
flight. 

If the arrow is to kill game, a game arrow point 
is inserted by splitting the arrow, cutting a groove around 
the arrow and tying it securely. If for war, the string is 
tied behind the points so that in pulling the arrow out of the 
wound, the point will remain in the wound and work to 
some vital point and prove fatal. On the field of the Cloth 
of Gold, Henry the Eighth of England was requested by the 
French monarch to exhibit the skill and vigor with which 
Englishmen wielded the long bow and cloth yard arrow. 
Henry was then in the bloom of youth, a figure of almost 
perfect symmetry. His height was considerably above six 
feet. With a bow of the finest Venetian yew, he repeatedly 
shot into the center of the white at the distance of two 
hundred and forty yards. The mark was four feet square. 

Now, the mode by, which the bowyers determine the 
powers of the bow. They either use the steelyards or rest 
the handle upon some ledge and suspend weights from the 
center of the string until the bend is three feet, the length 
of the arrow, then mark above the handle the number of 
pounds necessary to accomplish this and call it fifty, sixty 
or one hundred pound bow. Bows in England were made 
out of yew tree, an evergreen allied to the pine. 

The Sultan of Turkey in 1798 drove an arrow into the 
ground 972 yards from where he was standing, measuring it 
in the presence of Sir Robert Ansley. The English prac- 
ticed shooting at a mark 240 yards. Some thirty years or 



48 



THE INDIAN OR MOUND BUILDER. 



more ago the young prince of Russia came over to this 
country to hunt buffalo, in company with General Sheridan, 
some soldiers and a lot of Indians, and the prince carried 
home with him an arrow that an Indian had shot entirely 
through a buffalo. 

Colonel Smith, in his captivity with the Indians, and his 
adopted brother, Tontileango, were bear hunting. They 
found a large elm scratched by the bear climbing up, and a 
hole in the tree large enough for the reception of the bear. 
Tontileango climbed up and dropped some fire into the 
hole, which was about forty feet from the ground. He came 
down and took up his gun. When the bear came out it was 
too dark to see the sights, so he set it down by the tree, 
bent his bow, took bold of an arrow, and shot the bear a 
little behind the shoulders. Smith was getting ready to 
shoot, but Tontileango called to him to stop, as there was 
no occasion. With that the bear fell to the ground. Now, 
why did he carry that old gun around, making the woods 
roar and the wild game tremble, startling all nature with 
its reverberation, while the arrow made its silent swish as 
it wended its way to meet out death to poor Bruin. The 
gun has been brought to great perfection, but what was it 
when it was first produced? 

Guns used first at the seige of Atros in 1414, at the 
seige of Rhegenin in 1521, introduced into England in 1521 
by Henry the Eighth, into the low countries by the Duke of 
Alva in 1569. A bombard was the first gun, and was fired 
with a coal of fire or a slow match. A very crude weapon, 
no sights, and much inferior to the bow, but it made a 
noise, and that is what man wanted. 

Sights came into use in 1640. 



THE INDIAN OR MOUND BUILDER. 



49 



Flint locks in England in 1690. 
Percussion locks in 1842. 

At the battle of Wittenweiler in 1638 fired seven times 
in eight hours. 

Imagine a gun without sights or flint locks, poorly 
stocked, firing once in one hour and eight minutes. It 
could be nothing but the noise that first introduced it, as 
man has always loved a noise. 

The Indian's Faith In the Great Spirit. 

While out camping with his adopted brother, Tontilean- 
go, Col. James Smith remained in camp one day and a 
Wyandotte Indian came to him and begged something to 
eat. Smith gave him a shoulder of roasted venison for 
which he was very thankful. That night Smith related the 
circumstance to Tontileango, who said that he did right, 
and asked him if he gave him sugar and bear oil to eat with 
the venison. Smith said that he did not. This angered the 
Indian greatly. "You have behaved just like a Dutchman. 
Do you not know that when strangers come to our camp 
that we ought always to give them the best we have?" 

Smith made a trip with a visiting chief, Tecaughretane- 
go, to northwestern Ohio and eastern Michigan. Tecaugh- 
retanego was an Indian of unusual intelligence. One 
winter Smith found himself, the chief and his little son, 
Murganey, forty miles from any other Indians. The old 
chief was taken down with rheumatism and depended upon 
Smith for game to live upon. After about two months, a 
snow fell with a crust upon it and they were threatened 
with starvation. After partaking of a broth made from the 



50 



THE INDIAN OR MOUND BUILDER. 



refuse bones around the camp, Smith was greatly refreshed, 
and the old chief addressed him as follows : "Brother, as 
you have lived with the white people, you have not had the 
same advantage of knowing that the Great Being above 
feeds his people and gives them their meat in due season, as 
we Indians who are frequently out of provisions, and are 
yet so wonderfully supplied and that so frequently, that it 
is evidently the hand of the Great Being that doeth this, 
whereas white people have commonly large stocks of tame 
cattle, that they can kill when they please and also their 
barns and cribs filled with grain and therefore have not the 
same opportunity of seeing and knowing that they are 
supported by the Ruler of Heaven and Earth. T know that 
you are now afraid that we will all perish with hunger, but 
you have no just reason to fear this. I have been young 
but am now old. I have been frequently under the like 
circumstances that we now are and that some time or other 
in almost every year of my life, yet I have heretofore been 
supported and my wants supplied in time of need. The 
Great Being sometimes suffers us to be in want in order to 
teach us dependence upon him and to let us know that we 
are to love and serve him and likewise to know the worth 
of the favors we receive and to make us more thankful. Be 
assured that you will be supplied with food and that just 
in the right time, but you must continue diligently in the use 
of means. Go to sleep and rise early in the morning and 
go hunting. Be strong and exert yourself like a man and 
the Great Spirit will direct your way." 

What wonderful faith. It he could have lived to this 
day and seen his tribe pushed out on the inhospitable barren 
plains with no game to supply their needs, no fields of corn, 



THE INDIAN OR MOUND BUILDER. 51 

with nothing but starvation constantly staring him in the 
face, might not his faith have been rudely shattered? (See 
Pioneer History of America, page 213. Account of Col. 
James Smith about the squaw making maple syrup, collect- 
ing the water in bark vessels, holding 100 gallons, and the 
frying of bear's fat and storing of the oil in vessels of dried 
deer skin.) 1 



THE FLINT TOOLS. 

The plow often turns them up and occasionally they are 
found in digging trenches and post holes. 1 presume they 
were put there for safe-keeping by the owners and lost by 
death of the owner, or by some other mishap. 

The smaller, as well as the larger flints are generally 
turned up by the plow, then when a heavy rain comes it 
washes the dirt off of the flints that are near the surface, 
then by going over the ground you will find those that are 
exposed on the surface, but a well-trained eye is necessary 
to be successful. When there comes a big rain after plow- 
ing the ground, it will bring something to the surface, and I 
have walked for hundreds of miles in search of relics. 

Exploring the Mounds. 

In digging out the mounds "I hired two to four men and 
furnish each with a spade and a probe, made of a quarter 
inch steel rod about three feet in length, with a handle 
on one end, leaving the other end blunt so it will not injure 
the pottery. 'I have the men commence to work on one 
side of the mound, first by probing the ground carefully to 
see if there is any pottery in the ground. I then have them 
probe carefully and throw the dirt behind them as they 
advance into the mound. When they find a vessel with the 
probe I let them dig as near to the vessel as I think safe. I 
then take a trowel and carefully work around and take out 



THE INDIAN OR MOUND BUILDER. 



5S 



the vessel and clean the dirt out of it with great care, as it is 
very easily broken until it becomes dry. There is very 
nearly the same difference that there is between a wet clod 
of dirt and a dry clod of dirt. The painted vessels have to 
be handled with greater care as the paint is easily rubbed 
or washed off. 

There is a great deal written about leaving everything 
as found in a mound until a photograph is taken of the 
vessels, but I consider that an impossibility as the pottery 
is put in the mound at such irregular depths, sometimes 
one piled upon another, and so fragile and having to be 
handled with so much care that I consider the only safe 
plan is to carry each piece out to one side away as much as 
possible from the intrusion of outsiders and out of the way 
of the workmen, and also to leave some place to put the 
dirt. There is less danger of breaking the vessels to dig in 
from the side of the mound, as you can locate them better 
than you can in digging from the top, and it is much less 
difficult to get vessels out of a sandy mound than out of a 
clay mound. The sand, of course, falls away from the 
vessel, and it needs but little cleaning, while the clay sticks 
very tenaciously to the vessel, making it difficult to clean. 
The probe should be made of spring steel. I prefer the round 
rod, blunt at the end. A sharp rod will injure the vessel by 
punching holes through it. The rod will wear sharp at 
the end but have it cut off and keep it blunt; with a blunt 
rod you can feel it jar your hand when you strike a vessel 
in probing. 

One of the finest mounds I excavated was not more than 
six inches or a foot in height. The pottery was mostly from 
two and a half to three feet in depth, yet some of it was 



54 



THE INDIAN OR MOUND BUILDER. 



so near the surface that it was turned out by the plow. I 
took out of that mound about three hundred vessels. The 
mound was composed of a black sandy, loamy soil. 

Some of the burial mounds are as high as ten feet, conical 
in shape, with a broad base. I saw a mound of this form 
that was said to have had two stratas of burial, one about 
three feet and one about six feet in depth. Some burial 
mounds are very small, containing not more than a dozen 
vessels. I do not know of anything being found in the 
rectangular mound except some pieces of mud and straw 
burned to a red color that had been dumped in near the top 
of the mound to aid in building it. Mr. Beane counted about 
two hundred mounds for Mr. Louis Houck in this county of 
Mississippi. I know of only four rectangular mounds, and 
the early explorers in the south found temples erected on 
some and the chiefs'* residences on others. I own three 
of these mounds. 

But few flints are found in the mounds. I do not think 
I found a half dozen flints in all the mounds I explored. 
The plow has turned up the great mass of flints I have 
gathered. On my farm is a mound about ten feet in height, 
with a very broad base. The eastern half is composed of 
sand, the western half is a black, sticky clay. It was a 
burial mound, but strange to relate, the burials were all 
on the eastern side in the sand, and none in the clay side. 

The Indian, when first discovered by the white man, 
had carried to great perfection the working of flints, green- 
stone and many other minerals by flaking, picking, scouring 
and drilling, putting it into many forms both useful and 
ornamental. The Indians, in some localities, were to a 
limited extent, in the copper and iron ages. Mr. Morehead, 



THE INDIAN OR MOUND BUILDER. 



55 



in his Prehistoric Implements, mentions the finding of the 
following articles of copper : Arrow heads, beads, bracelets, 
celts, crescents, drills, fish hooks, gouge, hair pins, knives, 
needles, ornaments, spear heads, spud, sword, which were 
all made by hammering while cold. They were ignorant of 
any process of fusing metals. The copper was taken from 
the mines along the shores of Lake Superior for 150 miles 
in length and from 4 to 7 miles wide. Copper relics are 
found from Maine to Florida and as far west as Kansas. 

Iron Hematites. 

Mr. Morehead mentions eight classes of hematites : 
celts, axes, the cone, plumet, eggshaped, perforated orna- 
ment, paint stone, eggshaped with flattened base. 

Dr. Whelpley of St. Louis has, 'I think, the finest collec- 
tion of hematites in the United States. 

He has 175 hematite plumbobs. 

300 hematite grooved axes. 

300 hematite celts. 

100 hematite cones. 
3 hematite discoidals. 
2 hematite pipes. 

He has several hundred articles such as paint stones, 
balls, ceremonials, pendants, gorgets, discs, pestles, war 
clubs, cups, bars and beads, all made of hematite iron by 
picking, flaking and scouring. 



A COMPARISON OF TOOLS USED BY THE 
INDIAN AND WHITE MAN. 

'It is said that the white man has gone out of the stone 
age. This is not so to some extent. Does he not cut glass 
with a stone, a diamond? Does he not cut paper with a 
bone knife? The Indian, I claim, was the inventor of the 
hollow drill. He used a cane with a rod fastened in it and 
on top of this rod was held a capstone. A bow was used 
to run the drill with, and sharp sand and water were fed 
at the bottom of the drill to do the cutting, leaving a core 
in the center as the hollow diamond drill does today. 

The white man uses sand to polish the handles of his 
tools. The Indian used a sand rock to polish and smooth 
his arrows and other tools. The white man uses the whet 
rock to sharpen his iron tools. The Indian the same to 
sharpen his stone tools. The white man uses clay to make 
pottery, so did the Indian. He experimented with the 
clays, so did the Indian by mixing crushed shells with the 
clay and powdered pieces of pottery, mixed in clay; also 
red ochre in some, yellow ochre in some, and chalk in oth- 
ers. The white man uses sharp sand, water and a piece of 
hoop iron to saw marble. The Indian used a notched flint 
saw to saw bone and buck's horn, and no doubt sawed 
wood with the same. I have several buck-horn points that 
were sawed off. 

The white man has iron chisels, the Indian stone ones. 
The white man has his mortar and pestle ; so did the Indian. 
The white man tanned skins with the fur on them and with- 




1 



THE INDIAN OR MOUND BUILDER. 



57 



out the fur; so did the Indian. The white man had a 
spinning wheel; so had the Indian. The white man has a 
loom ; so had the Indian. He made blankets out of buffalo 
wool cloth, out of the inner bark of the mulberry and flax- 
like cloth out of a nettle. 

The white man mines in the ground for his material ; 
so did the Indian. I was informed by Dr. Whelpley, of 
St. Louis, that on the side of the ridge near Mill Creek,about 
thirty miles above Cairo, Illinois, the Indians mined from 
one to thirty feet in depth for a mile along the ridge, for 
large flakes of flint. The white man made boats, the 
Indian made the perogue, the dug-out, the bark boat and 
the bull boat out of the hide of the buffalo. The white 
man made axes, hatchets and gouges;. so did the Indian. 
The white man made fans of feathers ; so did the Indian. 
I have a pottery handle of one. The white family is decor- 
ated with feathers; so was the Indian. The white man 
fortifies his country; the Indian his village. 

The Indian domesticated the dog, the llama, and the 
wild turkey and brought to great perfection corn, potatoes, 
pumpkins, beans, squash, peppers and tobacco. He had 
three modes of grinding meal, the mortar, the rubbing stone 
and the roller. He wore his blanket around him so that in 
a fight he could throw it off and not be encumbered with 
clothing. 

The white man uses the red and yellow ochres, black 
carbon, carbonite of lime for painting, and so did the 
'Indian. The white man set these colors in his pottery by 
burning or baking; so did the Indian. I have several 
vessels painted with these colors. 

The white man's horses went wild on the plains. The 



58 



THE INDIAN OR MOUND BUILDER. 



Indians captured and domesticated them. The white man 
invented his alphabet. Sequoya, an East Tennessee 
Cherokee Indian, invented the Cherokee alphabet after 
patient years of labor in the face of ridicule, discourage- 
ment and repeated failure. He finally perfected his inven- 
tion. Its great value was at once recognized and within a 
few months thousands of illiterate Cherokees were able to 
read and write their own language. 

Passing of The Stone Age. 

When the white man came to this country and traded to 
the Indian the gun, traps, knife, tomahawk, blanket and 
iron pot, the stone age passed into oblivion. 

The whirl no longer spun the thread, the loom ceased to 
exist and flint went out of use. The man ceased to be a 
manufacturer and agriculturist and became a hunter and 
traded his skins for his necessities, often for firewater that 
made a wreck of him and his home. 

Previously he had preserved the game but when he 
found a market for hides and furs, he slaughtered indis- 
criminately and by wholesale, and with the assistance of 
the white man, wild game has almost ceased to exist. 

What a change has come over the Indian, from a frugal, 
careful, thoughtful man ! Many of them became wrecks. 

Hand Stones. 

Throwing by hand was one of the modes used in many 
wars in ancient times. Homer tells of Diomede, son of 
Tydeas, siezing in his grasp a hand-stone, a huge affair, 
with which he struck Aeneas. He smote him violently 



THE INDIAN OR MOUND BUILDER. 



59 



upon the hip and broke both tendons and tore off the skin. 
The hand-stone was much used at the siege of Troy. 

Ajax knocked down Hector with a large rock. When 
he threw it he twirled it like a top, seriously wounding 
Hector at the above siege. 

The hand stone was no doubt the primitive weapon and 
the first effective one that came into the hands of man. 
We can see with what accuracy a ball can be thrown by 
watching the base ball pitcher. Some men can strike with 
the force of 800 or 1000 pounds with their fists. If you 
had taken one of these muscular men in childhood and 
trained him every day to throw a stone, and his meals 
depended upon its accuracy he certainly would, after long 
training, throw with great force and accuracy. And a one- 
pound stone in the hands of such a person, at a distance 
of fifty or sixty yards, would be as deadly as a rifle. The 
stone would have to be as round as it could be made to 
throw with accuracy. I have several weighing from a half 
pound to a pound that I believe were chipped into form for 
that purpose. 



Slings. 

They began to throw stones at us with slings. (DeVaca, 
page 48.) 

The Mayas used slings, spears, arrows and darts. (Na- 
daillac Pre. Am. page 269.) 

The Chichimec of Mexico. Their weapons were bows 
and arrows, war clubs and slings, from which they flung 
little pottery balls causing dangerous wounds. (Nadaillac, 
Pre. Am. page 279.) 



60 



THE INDIAN OR MOUND BUILDER. 



The Romans used the lead ball, the stone ball and the 
pottery balls in their slings. I have in my collection 230 
pottery sling balls, several hundred broken pottery balls 
and 1,446 sling stones chipped into a globular form. The 
sling stone is near the surface of the earth and the pottery 
ball is found below the sling stone to a depth of five f^et. 

Whirls. 

Whirls were made of many different substances and of 
many sizes. The very small ones were used to make fine 
thread, the large ones, coarse thread, such as their thread 
to make blankets out of. Some made of clay of different 
sizes and baked. They are from one-half inch thick to one 
and one-half inch in diameter to one and one-quarter inch 
thick to two and three-eighth inches in diameter. 

The stone whirls are from three-eighths inch thick to 
one and three-eighth inches in diameter and from one and 
three-eighths inch thick to three inches in diameter, and 
made of many different kinds of stone. 

Spinning and the Cup Stone. 

The necessity of using a foot rest for the spindle is the 
heavy weight of some of the whirls and the need of a per- 
manent place for the foot of the spindle. Nothing suits so 
well as the cup stone. I have used one of these for many 
years to illustrate the modes of spinning of the Mound 
Builders and find it a perfect foot rest. There were two 
modes of spinning — one with a foot rest and one without 
the foot rest. 

The East Indians used a small shell as a foot rest for 




No. 12. FOR TWISTING THREAD OR CORDS. 
Fig-. 1. Cord or thread. 2. Spindle. 3. Whorle, 4. Cupstone. 



THE INDIAN OR MOUND BUILDER. 



61 



their spinning of the most delicate threads, so fine that the 
threads could not bear the weight of the small whirl and 
spindle. 

Manufacture of Pottery. 

In the manufacture of pottery, the Mound Builder first 
formed his vessel, and if he concluded to decorate it, he then 
used his flint knife with slight pressure, carving or drawing 
lines upon it, or if he should conclude to add the form of 
man, bird or beast to the outside of the vessel, these parts 
were formed separately and attached to the outside of the 
vessel by moistening the parts to be attached. 



SOME HABITS OF THE INDIAN. 



Perforating Various Parts of the Body. 

And they have the nipple and lip perforated. (DeVaca, 
page 89.) 

I have over thirty labrets, in the form of a stopper, said 
to have been worn in the lips as an ornament. I am certain 
that the saliva that would be absorbed by the pottery 
labrets would soon destroy them, butl have a few flour spar 
and other stone labrets that I don't think would be injured 
by the saliva. 

Singing and Music. 

Singing among the Arkansas Indians was accompanied 
by the beating of a drum made of earthen pots over which 
they placed a skin. They held in their hand a gourd with 
pebbles in it which made a noise and then chanted according 
to the sound of their drums. (See St. Cofine's Voyage 
Down the Mississippi, page 71, by Shea, year 1699.) 

They carried perforated gourds filled with pebbles which 
are ceremonial objects of great importance. (DeVaca, page 
129.) 

The journey of Alvar Numez Cabez DeVaca across the 
continent, 1528 to 1536. Soon after starting, in or near 
Florida, he met a chief who was preceded by many players 
of flutes made of reeds. 



THE INDIAN OR MOUND BUILDER. 



<33 



Some flutes which have holes on which to put their 
fingers. (Coronado, page 154.) 

Sacrifice Year. 

When the Taensas chiefs die, as they have been 
more esteemed, the more persons they kill who offer them- 
selves to die with him. Last year the chief of the Taensas 
died and there were twelve persons offered to die and whom 
they tomahawked. 

When the Natchez chief died they put to death two 
women, three men and three children, strangling them with 
a bow-string, these wretches deeming themselves greatly 
honored to accompany their chief by violent death. (Shea, 
E. M. V., page 140.) 

They put to death those whom they believed necessary 
to cook for and wait upon the chief in the next world. 
(Shea, page 141.) 

Sickness and War. 

The Arkansas Nation, once so numerous, were nearly 
destroyed by war and sickness. The small pox carried off 
the greater part of them about a month since. (Shea, 1699.) 

Duties of Priest. 

The husband buys a woman, then takes her to a chief 
who is considered to be a priest, to deflower her and see if 
she is a virgin. (Coronado, page 85.) 



84 



THE INDIAN OR MOUND BUILDER. 



Uivinities. 

The Taensas Indians regard the serpent as one of their 
divinities. (Shea, page 77, year 1699.) 

The Tournika or Yazoos acknowledged nine Gods. 
The sun, thunder, fire, east, south, north, west, heaven and 
earth. (Shea.) 

The Sun. 

The sun is what they worship the most. (Coronado, 
page 211.) 

Chichamecs adored the sun as the supreme God, also 
worshiped lightning. (Nadaillac Pre. Am. page 280). 

Every where east of the Mississippi the Indian was a 
sun worshiper. (Lucian Carr, Mounds of Mississippi 
Valley, page 38.) 

Among the New England Indians Roger Williams tells 
us they worshiped the sun for a God. (L. Carr, M. of Miss. 
Valley, page 50.) 

I have two water bottles with suns painted on each. 



Painting. 

I saw their faces, arms and breast painted. (DeVaca, 
page 210, year 1536.) 

Paint their chins and decorate their eyes. (Coronado, 
page 69.) 

Paint. 



Found a stake post where the Indians were awaiting 
them with their bodies, legs and arms painted an ochre 




WATER BOTTLE. 
On which was painted the Sun, the God of the Mound Builder. 
Reproduced from one in my collection. 



THE INDIAN OR MOUND BUILDER. 



65 



black, white and yellow and vermillion in stripes so they 
appeared to have on stockings and doublets. Some wore 
feathers, others horns on their heads, face blackened and 
encircled with vermillion. (Elvas, page 108.) 

I have a vessel in the form of a man on his knees of a 
yellow color with short, white, irregular stripes on his body 
and face and a red breech clout painted on him and holes 
for earrings in his ears. 

Shields. 

In the Mosque, a house of worship, of Talineco, there 
were breast plates like corslets and head pieces made of 
rawhide. Also good shields. (D. S. Ranjel, page 101.) 

About 7,000 Indians with canoes got together to prevent 
the crossing of the Mississippi. All had shields made of 
canes joined so close, interwoven with thread, that a cross 
bow could hardly pierce them. (De Soto.) 

Burial and Cremation. 

Cremation among the Chichimecs was the general 
practice. Human sacrifices accompanied funeral cere- 
monies. Women were burned alive upon the funeral pile. 
(Nadaillac, P. A. page 277.) 

Tonicas interred their dead, and weep over the grave of 
the departed and make a fire there and pass their hands 
over it. (Shea, D. M., page 81.) 

They burned their dead. (Coronado, page 94.) 

In this county they buried by placing the corpse on a 
scaffold and when the bones were denuded of the flesh they 
were placed in a burial mound. 



66 



THE INDIAN OR MOUND BUILDER. 



Temples. 

The Taensas Indians — They had rather fine temples, the 
walls of which are mats, seven or eight feet thick on account 
of the great number of mats one upon another. (Shea, 
page 77, year 1699.) 

The Tonicas have a temple on a little hill. There are 
earthen figures which are their Manitous. 

The Yazoos have a small temple raised on a mound of 
earth. (Shea, E. M. V., page 136.) 

In all of these temples is an old man who keeps the 
fire burning all of the time. 

The Natchez 'Indians — Their temple is very spacious, 
covered with cane mats which they renew every year with 
great ceremonies. There is no window nor chimney in this 
temple and it is only by the light of the fire that you can 
see a little. The door that is low and narrow must be open. 
The old man takes care not to let the fire go out. It is in 
the center of the temple, in front of a mausoleum. 

There are three about eight or nine feet long, six feet 
broad and nine or ten feet high. They are supported by 
four large posts, covered with mats of cane in quite neat 
columns and surmounted by a platform of plaited canes. 
There is a large mat over the table covered with five or fix 
cane mats, on which stands a big basket. It is unlawful to 
open this basket as the spirit of each nation of these 
quarters repose there. They say with that of the Natchez, 
in their other two mausoleums, where the bones of their 
chiefs are, they revere as divinities. 

I saw a number of little earthern pots, of platters and 
cups and little cane baskets, all well made. This is to serve 



THE INDIAN OR MOUND BUILDER, 



67 



up food to the spirits of the deceased chiefs. (Shea, E. M. 
V., page 138-140.) 

Only the old men enter the temple to do the howling 
after kindling the fire. (Shea E. M. V., page 141.) 

The first fruits of the harvest of corn is for the temple. 
(Shea, page 142.) 

Torquemada alleges there were more than forty thou- 
sand temples in Mexico. (Nadaillac, Pre. Am., page 288.) 

Ortis, the christian, was put to watching the Indian 
Temple. (De Soto, page 28.) 

Temples on a high mound and much revered. (De Soto, 
Ranjel, page 101.) 

Where the Indians Buried Their Dead. 

Where did the Indian bury his dead, after the white 
man came? I have never been able to find the bones of an 
Indian outside of a burial mound, consequently they were, 
without doubt, buried in the mounds so long as they re- 
mained in this locality, which was some time after the white 
man came. 



FOOD OF THE INDIANS. 



The vegetable food of the Indian was raised by the cul- 
tivation of small patches of land in corn, pumpkins, beans 
and squashes. These he cultivated with a hoe made of 
flint, of wood, or the shoulder-blade of some animal, mostly, 
of deer. 

For meats, there was the buffalo, elk, bear, deer, coon, 
opossum, ground hog, rabbit, squirrel, beaver, otter, musk 
rat, wolf, dog, panther, wild cat, fox, swan, goose, brant, 
duck, crane, hawk, turkey, prairie chicken, quail, crow, 
black bird, larks, yellow hammers, sapsuckers, peckerwoods, 
wild pigeons, dove, wood cock, snipe, plover, water hens, 
paroquite, fish, turtle, terrapin, mussle, snail, frogs and 
crawfish. 

In grains and nuts he found wild oats, acorns, hkkory 
nuts, pecans, hazel nuts, yonkerpins and walnuts. Berries 
and fruits were plentiful. He had blackberries, dew berries, 
red haws, black haws, crab apples, persimmons, wild 
cherries, paw paws, ground cherries, May apples, wild 
onions, grass nuts, elder berries, grapes, fall and winter 
grapes and strawberries. For salads he had wild mustard, 
lamb's quarter, tongue grass, polkweed and other wild 
weeds. For teas he used sassafras root or spice wood. He 
made sugar from the sugar maple. 

Meats were preserved either by smoking or jerking, 
which is a slow process of cooking; also all kinds of meats 
could be preserved by cooking, then packing it down in a 



THE INDIAN OR MOUND BUILDER. 



69 



pot and pouring over it, so as to cover well, bear's oil, coon 
or opossum oil, covering it with the tallow of the buffalo 
or the fat of some other animal. 

Pumpkin was cut in strips and hung upon poles to dry. 
Beans were shelled and packed away for future use. 

Ears of corn were placed under shelter and when needed 
for use were generally parched and eaten whole. The 
parching of the corn makes it easy to grind into meal. By 
use of a pestle and mortar it can then be made into bread or 
the corn can be made into hominy. Berries were dried and 
stored away. 

All kinds of nuts were saved. Grasshoppers were dried, 
pounded and put away for use. Bear and other fats were 
rendered and placed in vessels made of deer skin to be used 
as needed. Ashes were used as a substitute for salt. The 
meats were stewed, barbecued or broiled on the coals. 

In the ash heaps are found the bones of many animals, 
birds, fishes and turtles, but more of the deer than of any 
other kind. The ashes preserve the bones so as to retain 
their color and some of their elasticity. The ashes also con- 
tain a large quantity of broken vessels, supposed to have 
been used in cooking, and also pieces of water bottles. 
These water bottles were more or less porous, the moisture 
passing through the bottle and evaporating, carrying off the 
heat and cooling the water it contained, which made it more 
palatable. 

The Indian had no domestic animal in North America 
except turkeys and a wolfish looking dog which was used 
as a pack animal in moving. In South America they 



7 0 



THE INDIAN OR MOUND BUILDER. 



domesticated the llama. The Arkansas Indians had droves 
of turkeys. 

In Homer's Odessy, the bow strings were made of sheep 
gut, as shown when Ulysses destroyed the men who lay 
siege to his house in order to marry Penelope. 

Indian Corn, Potatoes and Tobacco. 

Three products of great commercial value to America. 
Corn or maize, the most important of the cereals, was im- 
proved and brought to great prefection by the Indians from 
a very insignificant plant. It was found in cultivation by 
the aborigines from New England to Chili. Its origin is 
supposed to be Central America. It certainly took a long 
time for the aborigines to acclimate a tropical plant to grow 
in the cold northern regions. 

Potatoes, that are now of great commercial and culinary 
importance, are grown over the whole civilized world. The 
original vine was a worthless weed from which the potato 
originated after years of cultivation by the 'Indian. It was 
found growing wild by Von Humbolt far up on the Andes 
mountains, 15,000 feet above sea level. 

Tobacco. — DeCandole claims that the home of the most 
analogous species, the probabilities are in favor of Mexican, 
Texan or Californian origin. When America was first dis- 
covered the plant was cultivated by the Indians in both 
North and South America, and now cultivated to some 
extent in most all parts of the world. Its narcotic influence 
seems to have a pleasant effect on most of the human race. 
It is a poisonous, filthy plant, shortening the days of many 
people who use it. 




No. 3. MAKING FIRE 
Fig-. 1. .Fire stick. 2. Drill bow. 3. Cap stone. 4. A piece of wood. 



THE INDIAN OR MOUND BUILDER. 



71 



Origin of Corn. 

The red man came to America and left behind him the 
fruits and cereals of Asia and other countries from whence 
he came, which would indicate that his coming to this conti- 
nent was more of an accident than on purpose to reside 
here. 

What a difference in his condition and that of the white 
man, who brought with him his domesticated animals, his 
grains, his vegetables and fruits. 

How long did the Indian roam over the forests before 
he discovered corn, that grand cereal that the United States 
produces annually nearly 3,000,000,000 bushels? 

When first found in Central America it was no doubt 
a plant that produced very few grains to each ear and was 
not fully appreciated until a grain was found parched; 
perhaps by accident. 

This greatly improved the flavor and brittleness of it 
and no doubt the Indian that took the first grain of 
parched corn in his mouth fully appreciated it. 'It was then 
gathered and made use of wherever it could be found and 
as it became scarce in the forest, some Indian of superior 
intelligence planted a few grains and on coming to maturity 
he found some ears with more grains upon them than the 
others and what would be more natural than to save and 
plant from the ear that had the most grains upon it? This 
planting was no doubt done with the fingers and when the 
fingers became sore, or the ground too hard, he used a stick 
as a substitute for the fingers. 

Then some Indian of close observation found that the 
corn grown in the loose, mellow soil with plenty of sunlight 



72 THE INDIAN OR MOUND BUILDER. 

was much superior to that which grew in hard ground with- 
out sunlight. Then he began to loosen up the ground, or 
soil, with his stick. 

This was the first mode of cultivating the soil. 

From the narrow stick they got a broader one, then from 
that to a shoulder blade of some animal, thence to a fine 
flint hoe and spade we now find. 

When he found that he had to have sunlight to raise corn, 
he then began to deaden timber and open up small fields for 
the production of it. His experience in camping in the 
forest had taught him that fire would kill the green trees, 
so he built a ring of fire around each tree sufficient to parch 
or kill the bark of the tree. Then when the trees in the forest 
began to throw out leaves, he began to plant the ground 
with his corn and used the limbs as they fell from the trees 
as firewood. 

Another mode of killing timber he could have resorted 
to, and no doubt did, was to beat off a ring of bark in the 
spring of the year with a stone, axe or stone maul, which is 
a quick and easy method of destroying timber. 




Fig-. 1. Clamp to hold flint saw. 



No. 6. SAWING. 
2. Flint saw. 3. Sawing - the end off of a stick of w T ood. 



INDUSTRIES OF THE INDIAN BEFORE 
THE WHITE MAN CAME. 



Selecting a Site for a Home. 

Selecting a site for a home means much. First, he must 
have a dry spot of ground on which to erect his house and 
to plant his garden of corn, beans, pumpkins, squash, tobac- 
co and two kinds of gourds. The ground should be rich so 
it would produce abundantly. The garden should be close 
to his house, so he could protect it from the ravages of wild 
animals. A small heard of buffalo would destroy his garden 
in one night by eating the corn and tramping down the 
other plants. A bear in a few nights would make havoc of 
his roasting ears. The coon is very destructive to corn. He 
will climb the stalk to get the ear and his weight will break 
it down. A few coons will make mighty ravages in a 
corn field and the squirrels will come from all quarters to 
eat the ears. A flock of crows would soon destroy his corn 
crop and other smaller birds are equally destructive. Then 
the tobacco crop had to be watched with vigilance or the 
worms would destroy it. 

Did you ever picture to yourself the Indian woman and 
her children out examining the leaves of the tobacco plant, 
killing the worms more than a thousand years ago? How 
do I know it? There is no doubt that man roamed over this 
country ages before he took to the use of tobacco. He found 
it a wild weed growing in Mexico or Southern Texas. 



74 



THE INDIAN OR MOUND BUILDER. 



How did he get to smoking this weed? Well, I imagine 
that in camping out he built his camp over a well-matured 
tobacco plant and as the fire consumed the plant he inhaled 
the smoke and, no doubt, liked it. After that he would 
gather it and burn it and inhale the smoke. 

Perhaps it was a long time before the pipe was invented, 
for these habits are not born in a day. On account of the 
heat of the fire he began to inhale the smoke through a reed 
or cane and in course of time one stuffed tobacco in the end 
of the reed and set it on fire and began to smoke. That was 
the first pipe. Tobacco is a tropical plant and was used 
when the white man came over to South and North Amer- 
ica, except Uruguay and Paraguay. It took a long time y 
no doubt, to acclimate it and bring it into use over such a 
great amount of territory. 

The next thing he wanted was water. A spring, a creek,, 
a bayou or lake. Not only did he need water to drink and to 
cook with, but wanted fish to eat, so a bayou or lake near 
by was a convenience. With his spear and bow and arrow 
he would be enabled to capture many fish. In the fall the 
ducks, geese and brant would come in. With his bow and 
arrow he would kill many of these. In these lakes and 
bayous the muskrat, beaver and otter would make their 
homes. The killing of these would furnish the Indian with 
meats and warm furs for clothing. And in the summer when 
the deer fed at night upon the mosses that grew in these 
lakes he would take his canoe, his torch-light, his bow and 
arrow. His torchlight made their eyes shine like two balls 
of fire and enabled him to shoot with accuracy. 

In warm weather this water was not palatable but his 




No. 7. DRIVING STONE. 



Fig. 1. Capstone. 2. Spindle. 3. Quartz drill or perforator. 
4. Drill bow. 5. Stone that is being- drilled. 



THE INDIAN OR MOUND BUILDER. 



75 



water jugs were porus and when filled with water the 
evaporation carried off the heat making the water pleasant 
to drink. 

Timber. 

This was indispensable to the Indian. He used it for 
many purposes. He needed it to build a good fire to warm 
up his little home and render it comfortable for his wife and 
children; to cook his meats and vegetables; to jerk his veni- 
son and other meats ; to parch his corn and bake his bread ; 
to stew or broil or barbecue his meats; to boil his greens 
and his corn; to stew his pumpkin, squash and beans; to 
bofl down his sugar water into sugar; to burn out his 
hominy mortar; to burn out and shape his canoe; to burn 
off and shape the poles to build his home. 

Timber was needed to build his pole traps to catch coon 
and other small animals, to make his bows and arrows, his 
spear handles, his spade and hoe handles. His spindle was 
of wood, so was his loom. 

He wanted nuts to eat — the acorns, walnuts, pecans, 
hickory nuts, hazelnuts, grapes, haws, pawpaws, Mayapples, 
persimmons. The nuts brought in the coon and the squirrel, 
sweet gum seed the wild turkey, the bear and the deer loved 
acorns. The opossum wanted pawpaws, and the coon was 
particularly fond of hack beries, so a great variety of timber 
added to his convenience, enjoyment and -necessities. 

He wanted poles convenient to build the frame of his 
house, long grass to thatch it with, good clay near by to 
build the walls of his house. He loved his home and his 
people and was ready to lay down his life for them. 



76 



THE INDIAN OR MOUND BUILDER. 



Mode of Building. 

The Mound Builder's mode of building his home of mud 
and straw points to a western and southern origin, where 
the rainfall is light and the air is dry, and no place fits these 
conditions so well as the western part of the United States 
and Mexico. The slight rainfall, and in many parts the 
scarcity of timber, would bring about the conditions neces- 
sary to use this kind of building material. Such building 
material, although used in this part of the country by the 
Mound Builders, on account of the heavy rainfall and it 
continuing for months, followed in the winter season fre- 
quently by freezing weather, was very destructive to the 
thatched roofs used by them, and surely caused frequent 
renewals of roofing. 

Mud and straw mixed in a burned state, is found scat- 
tered about in this county near the surface. In some places 
mot over four feet in depth; in other places lying close to 
the pottery sling balls. These balls are found in glacial 
sediments about a foot in depth in the red clay, and were 
in use for a long time until the pebbles began to drift to 
the bars along the Mississippi river. This river was a long 
time forming a well denned channel long after the ice: had 
retreated from this country. They then abandoned the use 
of the pottery balls and shaped up the pebbles by chipping, 
making them somewhat round and near uniform size. Then 
when the forest vines and bushes grew up they either emi- 
grated or they abandoned the sling for the bow and arrow. 



AGRICULTURAL TOOLS AND TOOLS _FOR WOODWORK 
th a handle . 2 ^ Spade with a handle. 3. Hoe without a handle. 4. Spade 
without a handle. 5. Adze. 6. Hatchet. 



INDUSTRIES OF THE INDIAN. 

1. Deadening the timber on an acre or more by mauling 

or burning the bark of the tree sufficient to kill it. 

2. Burning off the poles for the body of the house. 

3. Burning off the poles for the roof of the house. 

4. Cutting cane with a flint knife and splitting it to 

weave between the poles. 

5. Laying plastering upon the cane inside and out. If 

of doby structure, grass was gathered and mixed 
with the mud and sufficient grass for a thatched 
roof. 

6. The ground was dug up with a flint hoe or spade. 

7. Corn, beans, pumpkins, squash and tobacco were 

planted and further South the potato and pepper 
were raised. 

8. The cultivation of these plants with a hoe or spade. 

9. A sloping well was dug in a drouth, there was no other 

way to get water in this part of the country. 

10. A mound was built in form of a rectangle, on which a 

temple was erected. 

11. A temple was built in which was kept a living fire. 

12. A mound was built for the chiefs residence. 

13. A mound was built in which to bury the dead. 

14. A mound was built with the altar on top to preach 

from. 



I 



78 THE INDIAN OR MOUND BUILDER. 

15. Two mounds were built in Scott and Mississippi 

counties for lookout stations. They are tall, sharp, 
conical mounds. 

16. Wood was gathered for fires to warm and cook with. 

17. Game was killed. Buffalo, bear, elk, deer and turkey. 

18. Fish were caught in traps, nets, by poison and by 

spearing, and with his bow and arrow. 

19. Skins were dressed with the fur on and without it. 

20. Whirls were made out of rock or clay to spin with. 

21. Looms were built to weave their cloth. 

and made into blankets. 

22. Wool was picked from the buffalo hide and spun. 

23. The inner bark of the mulberry was made into cloth ; 

then clothing. 

24. From a kind of nettle was made a cloth like flax. 

25. Breech clouts and leggins and moccasins with blanket 

or dressed skins for the men. 

26. The killing of the coon, opossum, squirrel and rabbit 

for food. 

27. Skirt and shawl and moccasins for the women. 

28. In the fall the killing of the geese, brant and ducks 

for food. 

29. The killing of the bull-frog, turtle and gathering 

muscles for food. 

30. The gathering in the fall of walnuts, hickory nuts, 

pecans, acorns, haws, persimmons, (strawberries 
in the summer) grapes, hazelnuts, etc. 




No. 9. CHIPPING BY PRESSURE 
Fig. 1. Buck's horn point about six inches long-. 2. Clamp to hold the flint. 
3. The flint to be worked. 



I 



THE INDIAN OR MOUND BUILDER. 79 

31. Manufacture of pottery such as pots, water bottles, 

jars, bowls, burial urns, drums, and spirit vessels. 

32. Manufacture of earrings and pendants. 

33. Manufacture of labrets of pottery and stone. 

34. Manufacture of beads of pottery and stone. 

35. Manufacture of wampum made of shells. 

36. Manufacture of marbles of pottery. 

37. Manufacture of bottle and jar stoppers of pottery. 

38. Manufacture of mortars of stone to make meal. 

39. Manufacture of pestles of stone to pound corn. 

40. Manufacture of rubbing stones to make meal. 

41. Manufacture of stone rollers to make meal. 

42. Manufacture of rubbing stones to sharpen stone axes. 

43. Manufacture of whet rocks of sandstone. 

44. Manufacture of grooved whet rocks of sharp sand 

stone. 

45. Manufacture of axes of greenstone roughened at the 

top so the hand can grip it with more ease. 

46. Manufacture of hatchets of greenstone. 

47. Manufacture of chisels of flint. 

48. Manufacture of gouges of flint. 

49. Manufacture of adz of flint. 

50. Manufacture of skinners of flint. 

51. Manufacture of spades of flint. 

52. Manufacture of hoes of flint. 



m w 
1 



80 THE INDIAN OR MOUND BUILDER. 

53. Manufacture of spear points of flint, 

54. Manufacture of javelin of flint. 

55. Manufacture of game arrow points of flint. 

56. Manufacture of war arrow points of flint. 

57. Manufacture of perforators of flint. 

58. Manufacture of knives of flint. 

59. Manufacture of saws of flint. 
60j Manufacture of scrapers of flint. 

61. Manufacture of sling pottery balls. 

62. Manufacture of sling stones and slings. 

63. Manufacture of rattles of pottery. 

64. Mining for flint. 

65. Manufacture of paint cups and slabs of stone. 

66. Manufacture of implements of pottery for games. 

67. Manufacture of stone pipes carved. 

68. Manufacture of pottery pipes. 

69. Manufacture of carved images of stone. 

70. Manufacture of conch shell pendants. 

71. Manufacture of plumbs or sinkers of stone. 

72. Manufacture of ceremonial stones. 

73. Manufacture of small rubbing stones. 

74. Manufacture of hammers of different sizes of stone. 

75. Manufacture of cup stones. 

76. Manufacture of round stones for war clubs. 



THE INDIAN OR MOUND BUILDER. 81 

77. Manufacture of red paint from red ochre. 

78. Manufacture of yellow paint from yellow ochre. 

79. Manufacture of black paint from black carbon. 

80. Manufacture of white paint from white chalk. 

81. Manufacture of cap stones to hold on top of drill. 

82. Manufacture of anvils of stone. 

83. Manufacture of grooved maul of stone. 

84. Manufacture of spools on which to wind thread. 

85. Manufacture of copper tools. 

86. Manufacture of smoothing stones. 

87. "Mauling down" trees to make canoes by burning 

them out and dressing off the coal with stone axes 
and where thin enough, plastering with mud to 
prevent further burning. 

88. Peeling the bark off of trees to make canoes. 

89. Making troughs out of bark to hold sugar water. 

90. Making baskets out of bark. 

91. Making baskets out of straw. 

92. Making arrow shafts. 

93. Making spear shafts for game. 

94. Making spear shafts for fishing. 

95. Making javelin shafts for game. 

96. Making strings out of sinews by pounding and pulling 

them apart and twisting them into a cord for bow 
strings. 



82 THE INDIAN OR MOUND BUILDER. 

97. Making headdress of feathers. 

98. Making feather robes of feathers and cloth. 

99. Making sugar from sugar tree sap. 

100. Extracting the oil from walnuts. 

101. Extracting the oil from acorns. 

102. Jerking the meat to preserve it. 

103. Rendering out the fat of animals and storing it in 

calabashes and skin bags. 

104. Raising calabashes (gourds). 

105. Making gourds of pottery. 

106. Spinning all their leisure hours to get the chain filling 

to make their cloth. 

107. Making traps to catch wild animals. 

108. Worshipping God. 

109. Running animals down on foot. 

110. Making snow shoes. 

111. Drilling of the hard rocks. 

112. Sawing of bucks' horns. 

113. Making bone awls found in ash heaps. 

114. Making bone spools found in ash heaps. 

115. Making other tools found in ash heaps. 

116. Making flaking tools out of flint. 

117. Making flaking tools out of bone. 

118. Making flaking tools out of bucks' horns. 




No. 11. DRILLING WOOD. 
Fig-. 1. Capstone. 2. Spindle. 3. Drill point. 4. Drill bow. 



THE INDIAN OR MOUND BUILDER. 83 

119. Pipe stems were made mostly out of corn cobs, 

(nothing fits the pipe so well). 

120. Hatchet handles were made of wood. 

121. Hoe handles were made of wood. 

122. Spade handles were made of wood. 

123. Tobacco was cured over the fire, most likely in the 

home. 

124. The dog was domesticated. 

125. The wild turkey was domesticated. 

126. Corn or maize was cultivated in North and South 

America. 

127. A bow for drilling. 

128. Pumpkin was cultivated in North America. 

129. Beans were cultivated in North America. 

130. Squashes were cultivated in North America. 

131. Pepper was cultivated in Mexico. 

132. Irish potatoes were cultivated in Peru. 

133. Sweet potatoes were cultivated in Brazil. 

134. Llamas were domesticated in South America. 

135. Ground up shells to mix with their clay to make ves- 

sels. 

136. Ground up broken pottery to mix with clay to make 

vessels. 

137. Use of red ochre in the clay to make vessels. 

138. Used yellow ochre to mix in the clay to make vessels. 



84 THE INDIAN OR MOUND BUILDER. 

139. Used black carbon to mix in the clay to make vessels. 

140. Used chalk to mix in the clay to make vessels. 

The vessels were baked, not burned, to a red 
heat. A red heat causes the oxygen to combine 
with the iron in the clay and changes its color to a 
red. 

Archery is practiced among the Indians, and is 
carried to great perfection. His bow was perfect 
in form, made with flint tools, scrapers, saws and 
a sand stone to polish it with. His arrows were 
scraped into form with a flint arrow scraper, then 
polished with a sand rock. One of their greatest 
inventions was to feather the arrow so that it 
would whirl and go straight from the bow. "If not 
feathered it would not go with the same accuracy. 

141. Cutting grass with a flint knife and thatching their 

buildings. 

142. Forming tents of hides. 

143. Forming tents with bark. 

144. Getting out timber to palisade their villages. 

145. Digging a trench to hold the palisades. 

In this locality there is no deposit of rock fit for the mak- 
ing of tools except what was brought into this country by 
the Indian, as raw material, and chipped into form here as 
the chips are scattered over hundreds of acres and I have 
in my collection five bushels of chips that were scattered 
over my farm. 



No. 5. CHIPPING FLINT. 
Pig-. 1. Hammer- to chip flint. 2. Clamp to hold the piece of flint. 3. Flint in the Clamp. 



THE INDIAN OR MOUND BUILDER. 



35 



The Indian praticed scaffold burial. The bones when 
denuded of the flesh were placed in the ground from six 
inches to six feet in depth. When found at the latter depth 
there has generally been two stratas of burial, each about 
three feet in depth. 

It is rarely that 'I have found any bones buried but the 
leg bones and skull. These bones were placed in the ground 
in a natural position, horizontal, and the skull at the end of 
the bones, and in six inches of the bones, then generally 
about three pottery vessels are placed near the head, with- 
out much care as to how they are placed. Very rarely have 
I found a flint in a mound; not a dozen in all of my collec- 
tion out of the thousands I have. The larger flints, hoes, 
spades and greenstone axes I find scattered over the country 
away from the mounds, and buried from six inches to two 
feet in depth and from one to six in a place, generally from 
one to two. 



: 



INDIAN RELICS 



if 



MY COLLECTION OF INDIAN RELICS, 



In my work of exploring the mounds and exam- 
ining the old camp sites of the Indians in Missis- 
sippi county, I have carefully preserved the relics 
and have them listed so that ready reference can be 
made to them. Plates of the relics are published 
in this chapter and the contents of each shelf are 
enumerated. 



THE INDIAN OR MOUND BUILDER. 



91 



CONTENTS OF PLATE I. 

SHELF NO. 1. 

4 Leg bones of human beings from the mounds. 
2 Jaw bones of human beings from the mounds. 

SHELF NO. 2. 
6 Sinews from a beef, showing how they were used. 
21 Pieces of pomice stone from old camping places. 
Card No. 1 — 23 Scrapers, 1 piece grooved. 
Card No. 2 — 18 Skinners. 

Card No. 3 — 47 Points and varieties of stone, 1 piece of obsidian. 

Card No. 4- — 51 Tanged scrapers. 

Card No. 5 — 2 6 Tanged scrapers. 

40 Roughly chipped flint of various forms. 

115 Turtle backs and tanged scrapers. 

2 6 Flaking stones. 

17 Spades. 

SHELF NO. 3. 
Card No. 1 — 41 Perforators. 
Card No. 2—23 War arrow points. 
Card No. 2 — 42 Game arrow points. 
Card No. 3 — 5 6 War arrow points. 
Card No. 3 — 32 Game arrow points. 
Card No. 4 — 2 7 Spear points, one polished. 
Card No. 5 — 3 0 Spear and javelin points of different forms. 
Card No. 6 — 4 5 One-tanged and strange formed spear points. 
Card No. 7—11 Chisels. 

559 War arrow points in 2 box tops; 15 are corrugated. 
352 Game arrow points. 
157 Perforators. 
103 Points of different forms. 
4 6 Half formed arrow points. 
37 Sharp and pointed flakes. 
51 Flakes used for saws and knives. 
9 Arrow scrapers. 
6 Spades. 

SHELF NO. 4. 

Card No. 1 — 2 7 Leaf-shaped flints, 2 inches wide. 
Card No. 2 — 15 Leaf-shaped flints. 
Card No. 3 — 4 Knives of flint. 



92 



THE INDIAN OR MOUND BUILDER. 



Card No. 3 — 1 Fcur-barbed arrow point. 
Card No. -4 — 12 Spear points. 

Card No. 5 — 32 Spear and javelin points, many forms. 
Various colored flints and other stones. 

81 Javelin points. 
12 6 Spear points to fit in sccket. 
355 Spear points of various forms and sizes. 
1 Spades. 
1 Mortar. 
1 Pestle. 
11 Pestles. 

SHELF NO. 5. 
Card No. 1 — 24 Pottery sling balls, ovoids. 
Card No. 2 — 2 4 Round pottery sling balls. 
Card No. 3 — 2 0 Oblong pottery sling balls. 
Card No. 4 — 25 Pottery balls; imprints of fingers. 

6 Spades. 
12 Skinners, ground on both sides. 
12 Skinners, chipped on both sides. 

6 Scrapers, chipped on one side, ground on the other side. 

2 Adz. 

2 Implements for decorating pottery. 

2 Cap stones to hold cn top of rod in drilling. 

2 Broad bladed skinners. 

1 Piece of soft lime stone with owl marked on it. 

SHELF NO. 6. 

14 Ovoid sling balls. 
1 Fish spear. 

3 Ovoids and pieces found in side of ditch 2 V 2 to 3 feet deep. 
1 Sling ball and flints, found on Hunters' Ridge. 

3 3 Sling balls and pieces found 5 feet deep, Brigsby's Field. 

2 6 Round pottery balls. 

61 Pottery balls, various shapes. 
6 2 Pottery balls, various shapes. 
12 0 Broken balls. 

1 Piece, 3 to 4 inches thick, 10 to 14 long, of mud and straw 
burned. 

51 Straw and mud burned pieces. 
527 Pieces of arrow and spear points. 
6 Broken spades. 
1 Piece of scouring stone. 

4 Boxes containing bones, charcoal and pottery from the center 

of the circular depression at my farm. 





T 














10 




f2 



PLATE II. 



94 



THE INDIAN OR MOUND BUILDER. 



CONTENTS OF PLATE II. 

SHELF NO. 7. 

6 Skulls. 

1 Large pot, perhaps used as a drum. 

SHELF NO. 8. 

3 4 Leaf-shaped spades. 

SHELF NO. 9. 
19 Axe-shaped flint spades. 
5 Leaf-shaped flint spades. 
3 Paddle-shaped flint spades. 
2 Diamond-pointed flint spades. 

1 Spade. 

SHELF NO. 10. 

30 Pieces of pumice stcne. 
58 Whet rocks, sand rock. 
103 Grooved whet rocks, sand rocks. 

1 Globular whet rock, sand rock. 

1 Grooved axe, light-colored greenstone. 

2 6 Notched hoes, flint. 
14 Off on No. 4. 

SHELF NO 11. 

2 Spades, flint. 
64 Hatchets, greenstone. 

5 Axes, green-stone. 
15 Skinners, flint. 

2 Skinners that show great age. 

2 Skinners of soft stcne, lime stone. 

1 Spear heal with long handle, greenstone, known as Ceremo- 
nial stone. 

1 Slate axe, edge broken off. one-half of edge flaked 
1 Chisel. 

SHELF NO. 12. 

5 Flint spades. 

1 Piece of scouring stone. 

1 Scouring stone 2 2 y 2 inches long, 10 inches wide. 
10 Roughly chipped flints. 



THE INDIAN OR MOUND BUILDER. 



95 



1 Piece of flint 9 y 2 inches long, 2 y 2 to 1 inch broad, 1 y 2 to 1 % 
inches thick. 
5 6 Small hand hammers. 
7 Green stone axes. 
1 Green stone gouge. 
1 Piece of small gouge. 

IN WINDOW. 

1 Spade, handled. 
3 8 Hammer stones. 
1 Mortar. 
1 Hoe, handled. 
1 Grooved maul. 




PLATE III. 



THE INDIAN OR MOUND BUILDER. 



97 



CONTENTS OF PLATE III. 

SHELF NO. 13. 

1 Box with burial bones, 2 skulls, arm and leg bones, shoulder 
blade and a few other bones, found in a burial urn 4 feet 
in depth in the ground. 

1 Burial urn. 

1 Bowl in form of wash bowl. 

SHELF NO. 14. 

6 Pots with ears. 

5 Jars. 

6 Bowls. 

10 Water bottles. 
1 Form of human body. 

SHELF NO. 15. 

2 Pots with 2 ears each. 

8 Bowls, 2 bowls with rattles. 

5 Water bottles, 1 with rattle in the top. 
2 Water bottles, form of owl. 

2 Water bottles, human figure. 

3 Jars. 

4 Water bottles with heads. 
1 Water bottle, human form. 

SHELF NO. 16. 
14 Human figures water bottles. 
4 Human heads water bottles. 

1 Head water bottle. 

2 Jars. 

4 Water bottles. 

1 Water bottle, pumpkin shaped. 

SHELF NO. 17. 

4 Pots with ears. 

9 Water bottles. 

6 Bowls. 
3 Jars. 

7 Muscle shells found in burial mound. 

SHELF NO. 18. 

5 8 Sling stones. 
52 Large flakes. 

1 Roller for grinding corn. 



THE INDIAN OR MOUND BUILDER. 



99 



CONTENTS OF PLATE IV. 

SHELF NO. 19. 

10 Pots with 2 ears each. 

1 Pot with 4 ears. 
10 Bowls. 

10 Jars. 

5 Water jugs. 

2 Vessels, unknown form. 

SHELF NO. 20. 

13 Water bottles. 

3 Water bottles, human heads on bottle. 

3 Water bottles, human figure. 

6 Jars. 

4 Pots. 

4 Bowls. 

4 Unknown form. 

SHELF NO. 21. 

1 Jar. 

9 Bottles. 

2 Pots. 

4 3 Pieces of vessels showing mixture of shell, pulverized pottery, 

carbon, red ochre, yellow ochre, and thickness. 
41 Piecss showing decorations. 
13 7 Pieces showing lines carved on piece of pottery, cloth im- 
pressions. 

1 Water .bottle, top broken. 2 pot ears, 4 heads, 1 broken off. 

SHELF NO. 22. 

105 Pieces showing carved lines or impress of cloth; the lines 
were made with a sharp flake. 
4 Bowls. 

3 Jars. 

2 Human figures water bottles. 

4 Water bottles. 

3 Water bottles with heads. 
1 Pot. 

1 Jar cross-piece on inside of mouth. 

SHELF NO. 23. 
1 Box ashes from ash heap. 
1 Box burned hickory nuts, found in mound. 



100 



THE INDIAN OR MOUND BUILDER. 



10 Mussel shells, taken out of ash heap. 

5 Squirrel jaws, taken out of ash heap. 

1 Rabbit jaw, taken out of ash heap. 
12 Coon jaws, taken out of ash heap. 

5 Skulls, small animals, taken out of ash heap. 
19 Fish bones, taken out of ash heap. 

1 Turtle shell, piece taken out of iash heap. 
12 Pieces deer horn, taken out of ash heap. 

2 5 Deer jaws and pieces, taken out of ash heap. 
1 Piece buffalo jaw, taken out of ash heap. 

1 Dog head, taken out of ash heap. 
43 6 Goon, rabbit, squirrel and bird bones, taken out of ash heap. 
921 Deer and other bones, taken out of ash heap. 

SHELF NO. 24. 

3 Bone burials. 
1 Jaw, human. 

1 Shoulder blade. 
1 Burial of bones, human. 
5 Human skulls. 
10 Human bones. 




PLATE V. 



102 



THE INDIAN OR MOUND BUILDER. 



CONTENTS OF PLATE V. 

SHELF NO. 25. 

6 Pots. 

7 Bowls. 

3 Water bottles. 

SHELF NO. 2 6 

9 Water bottles. 

3 Pots. 

4 Bowls. 

SHELF NO. 2 7. 

5 Water bottles. 
7 Bowls. 

2 Jars. 

1 Human figure. 

SHELF NO. 28. 

4 Bowls. 

5 Water bottles. 

1 Pot. 

2 Jars. 

SHELF NO. 29. 

8 Water bottles. 
6 Bowls. 
24 Broken implements. 

SHELF NO. 3 0. 

9 Water bottles. 

1 Pot. 

2 Bowls. 

1 Jar. 

SHELF NO. 31. 

10 Bowls. 
1 Jar. 

3 Water bottles. 

2 3 Paint slabs. 

SHELF NO. 32. 
9 Broken top water bottles. 




PLATE VI. 



104 



THE IXDIAX OR MOTXD BUILDER. 



CONTENTS OF PLATE VI. 

SHELF XO. 33. 
1 Water bottle, human head on frog. 
1 Water bottle, form of human head. 
1 Water bottle, human figure with shawl on head. 
1 Water bottle, human figure, bald-headed woman. 

SHELF XO. 34. 

1 Water bottle supported by 3 human figures in squatting posture, 
painted red with black rings around neck of bottle. 

1 Water bottle in shape of turtle, painted in light color with white 
rings on the body, two around each leg, one around top of 
vessel. 

1 bottle held up by three men in kneeling posture, with two heads 
missing, painted red. 

SHELF XO. 3 5. 
1 Bowl, 4 heads on side, rattles in each. 
1 Bowl, animal with something in its mouth. 
1 Bowl, animal head with tongue in circle. 
1 Bowl in form of frog. 

1 Bowl, animal with something in its mouth. 

2 Muscle shells taken out of mounds. 

SHELF XO. 3 6. 

1 Xude carved figure of man, sitting. 11 inches high, with pipe 

and stem on his back, soft stone. 
] Xude carved figure of woman, sitting, 9y 2 inches high, with pipe 

on stomach and stem on back, soft stone. 
8 Pieces of burned clay. 

1 Large tooth. 

SHELF XO. 3 7. 
13 Pieces of broken pottery. 

SHELF XO. 3 8. 

2 Bowls, form of duck. 
1 Bowl, form of fish. 

1 Bowl. 

SHELF XO. 3 9. 

2 Water bottles with human heads. 
1 Water bottle. 

1 Water bottle, small, with head. 



THE INDIAN OR MOUND BUILDER. 



105 



1 Bowl, with human head on edge of bowl. 

1 Small water bottle in form of frog. 

2 Small bowls in form of fish. 
2 Bowls. 

SHELF NO. 40. 
1 Water bottle resting on three balls connected. 

1 Water bottle resting on three balls. 

2 Water bottles, human form. 

1 Water bottle, owl resting on legs and tail. 

1 Water bottle, owl head. 

1 Water bottle with head pointed out. 

1 Jar in form of fish. 

SHELF NO. 41. 

1 Bowl in form of frog. 
1 Large low bowl. 

1 Water bottle with man's head on it. 

1 Water bottle in human form. 

1 W<ater bottle with animal head on it. 

1 Large pot with two ears. 

2 Pots, with 4 ears each on them. 

1 Small bowl with tail and head gone. 

1 Small bowl, knobs on 4 sides, with 21 flint flakes in it. 

1 Pot, form of moccasin shoe. 

1 Pot with a cover and pebble inside of it. 

SHELF NO. 42. 

1 Bowl painted red. 

1 Bowl with head and tail of bird. 

2 Bowls, plain. 

1 Pot, form of frog. 

1 Pot, ridges below the rim, mussel shell in its composition. 
1 Jar, broad top. 

1 Part of water bottle, human form 

SHELF NO. 43- 

1 Large bowl, badly broken, with bones of the person as found in 

it, except the skull was lost. 
1 Broken water bottle that rested on 3 balls. 
5 Pieces of vessels. 



THE INDIAN OR MOUND BUILDER. 



107 



CONTENTS OF PLATE VII. 

SHELF NO. 44. 

2 Bowls in form of fish. 

2 Bowls, plain. 

3 Pots, plain. 

5 Water bottles, some broken. 

SHELF NO. 45 

2 Jans. 

1 Bowl, plain. 

9 Water bottles. 

1 Water bottle with head. 

SHELF NO. 46. 

6 Water bottles, one in form of fish. 

3 Water bottles with heads. 

2 Bowls. 

3 Jars. 

1 Large jar. 

SHELF NO. 47. 

1 Pot with four ears. 

4 Pots. 

4 Bowls. 

1 Jar. 

SHELF NO. 48. 

2 Jars. 
4 Pots. 

10 Bowls. 

1 Water bottle with strange head. 

SHELF NO. 49 

2 Pots. 

1 Pot with eyes, ears and nose of an animal. 

5 Bowls. 

1 Water bottle, part of top gone. 

SHELF NO. 50. 

2 Large jars. 
4 Small jars. 
2 Pots. 

2 Bowls with human heads. 
1 Bowl with bird's head. 



10 8 



THE INDIAN OR MOUND BUILDER. 



1 Water bottle. 
4 Bowls. 

1 Ball broken off of vessel. 

SHELF NO. 51. 

1 Pot. 
4 Bowls. 
4 Jars. 

SHELF NO. 52. 

3 Bowls. 
10 Jars. 

4 Pots. 

3 Water bottles. 

SHELF NO. 53. 

7 Bowls. 

1 Bowl, form of fish. 

2 Water bottles, one top broken. 

SHELF NO. 54. 

1 Water bottle on balls. 
1 Water bottle, cup shaped bottom. 
14 Water bottles, some broken. 

1 Water bottle with head. 

2 Jars. 

SHELF NO. 5 5. 

13 Water bottles. 
1 Pot, globular formation on side. 

1 Pot, nose, ears and eyes of animal on side. 

2 Pots. 

1 Bowl, form of fish. 
1 Bowl. 

SHELF NO. 56. 

6 Water bottles. 

4 Water bottles with heads. 

1 Water bottle with man's head. 

2 Jars. 

0 Bowls with men's heads on them, one on each. 

1 Bowl with bird's head on rim. 

SHELF NO. 57. 

3 Jars. 

2 Pots. 

1 Pot, eyes, ears and nose of animal on it. 
1 Bowl, fish, fins, etc., on it. 



THE INDIAN OR MOUND BUILDER. 



109 



1 Bowl, bird's head on it. 

3 Bowls. 

SHELF NO. 58. 

4 Pots. 

2 Bowls, bird's head on each. 
1 Bo.\i, form of fish. 

1 Bowl like a wash pan. 
1 Jar. 

5 Bowls. 

SHELF NO. 59. 

1 Water bottle, man's head on it. 

2 Jars. 

2 Bowls, wolf-like head on one. 

2 Bowls, lamp-like structures. 

3 Bowls. 

SHELF NO. 60. 

2 Jars. 

1 Wash bowl. 

4 Water bottles with head on each. 
1 Water bottle. 

1 Water bottle, human form. 

6 Pots. 
1 Bowl. 

SHELF NO. 61. 

14 Leg bones. 

1 Bone with tree root grown through it. 
8 Rib and arm bones. 
8 Lower jaws, human. 
1 Upper jaw, human. 

SHELF NO. 62. 

9 Skulls. 

1 Water bottle. 

SHELF NO. 63. 

4 Bowls. 

2 Pots. 

5 Jars. 




PLATE VIII. 



THE INDIAN OR MOUND BUILDER. 



Ill 



CONTENTS OF PLATE VIII. 

SHELF NO. 64. 

3 Pot, frog. 
1 Pot. 

3 Bowls or wash basins in form. 
I Water bottle. 

1 Water bottle, bear's head on it. 

SHELF NO. 6 5. 

2 Wash-pan-shaped bowls. 

3 Water bottles; one top is broken off. 
1 Jar. 

1 Bowl. 

1 Head of vessel. 

SHELF NO. 6 6. 

6 Jars. 

1 Water bottle, man's head. 

2 Pots. 
1 Bowl. 

SHELF NO. 6 7. 
21 Shells found in ash heap. 
1 Lot burned straw, believed to be thatch. 

1 Lot fire coals, showing size of poles used. 
9 Pieces of buck's horn, sawn. 

14 Pieces of buck's horn, some partly burned. 

2 Bone awls. 
5 Bone tools. 

5 Short pieces of bone used, perhaps, as spools. 
1 Whirl. 

1 Partly bored pipe of pumice stone. 
1 Piece of pumice. 
1 Grooved whet rock. 

3 5 Bones and pieces, either mark of tools or chewed by animal. 
1 Pottery buck's horn. 

14 Fish bones- 
4 Deer bones, one a tooth of some gnawing animal. 

SHELF NO. 68. 
1 Box charcoal and ashes from the large ash heap. 
1 Package of ashes from the large ash heap. 



112 



THE INDIAN OR MOUND BUILDER. 



SHELF NO. 69. 
3 6 Pieces of broken vessels. 

SHELF NO. 70 

13 Bowls. 

2 Pots. 

SHELF NO. 71. 

7 Pots. 

4 Water bottles. 

3 Bowls, fish shaped. 
17 Bowls. 

2 Jars. 

4 Not known. 

SHELF NO. 72. 

2 Water bottles with bears' heads. 

1 Water bottle with human head. 

2 Water bottles with heads. 

3 Water bottles. 
11 Bowls. 

3 Jars. 

4 Unknown. 

SHELF NO. 73. 
218 Pieces of mud and straw burned. 

SHELF NO. 74. 
169 Pieces of mud and straw burned. 

SHELF NO. 7 5. 

476 Pieces of plastering with imprint of split cane; plastering 
burned. 
4 4 Pieces burned clay. 




PLATE IX. 



114 



THE INDIAN OR MOUND BUILDER. 



CONTENTS OF PLATE IX. 

SHELF NO. 76. 

2 Water bottles. 

3 Water bottles, broken. 

4 Jars; one has a bird's head. 
2 Pots. 

6 Bowls. 

SHELF NO. 7 7. 

2 Water bottles with human heads. 

1 Water bottle with bear's head. 

3 Water bottles with heads. 

5 Bowls, one in form of fish. 
3 Pots. 

2 Water bottles. 

1 Large broken vessel in human form. 
1 Head of vessel. 
1 Jar. 

SHELF NO. 7 8. 

1 Pot, large. 

6 Water bottles. 

6 Water bottles with heads. 
1 Bowl witn bird head on it. 

1 Bowl in form of fish. 

2 Bowls. 

SHELF NO. 79. 

3 Bowls. 

1 Water bottle with pot ears. 

1 Water bottle in human form. 

4 Water bottles. 

4 Water bottles with heads. 

2 Water bottles, top broken off. 

3 Jars. 
2 Pots. 

1 Broken jar, animal holding something in its mouth. 

SHELF NO. 8 0. 

2 Bowls, one large. 

1 Bowl in form of a fish. 



THE INDIAN OR MOUND BUILDER. 



115 



2 Water bottles. 

1 Water bottle with man's head and beard. 

1 Jar, large. 

1 Head off of vessel. 

1 Pot. 




PLATE X. 



THE INDIAN OR MOUND BUILDER. 



117 



CONTENTS OF PLATE X. 

SHELF NO. 81 counted in with No. 101. 

SHELF NO. 82. 
6 Water bottles, 2 broken. 

2 Water bottles with heads. 
1 Bowl. 

SHELF NO. 83. 

3 Water bottles with heads. 

1 Water bottle in human form. 
5 Jars. 

1 Bowl. 

2 Water bottles. 

1 Piece of pottery, a pumpkin. 
1 Piece of pottery, a conk shell. 

4 Pieces of pottery, 2 tails, two heads. 
1 Jar. 

SHELF NO. 84. 
1 Water bottle with human form, large. 

1 Water bottle, head of an old woman that lost her teeth. 

2 Water bottles. 
1 Bowl. 

1 Paroquet head. 
41 Birds' heads. 
1 Young bird's head. 

SHELF NO. 8 5. 
1 Water bottle, a pumpkin, painted red. 
1 Water bottle, man sitting on a bowl. 

1 Water bottle, 3 human heads, 5 ridges and 5 depressions 
around it. 

1 Water bottle^ one bowl on top of another. 
1 Water bottle with a contraction near the top. 

1 Water bottle with bear's head. 

2 Water bottles with bear's head. 
4 Pots. 

1 Bowl, form of a duck. 

1 Bowl with eyes, ears, nose and mouth of an animal. 

1 Bowl, form of mussel shell. 

1 Bowl, small. 

1 Bowl, form of fish. 



118 



THE INDIAN OR MOUND BUILDER. 



SHELF" NO. 8 6. 

1 Bowl in form of a fish. 

1 Small bowl with three legs. 

5 Bowls. 

1 Bowl like an old bread tray. 

1 Bowl painted red, form of a wash pan. 

4 Water bottles with heads. 

1 Jar. 

1 Water bottle, cup-shaped bottom with 16 holes through the cup. 

SHELF NO. 87. 
1 Pipe carved out of stone in the form of a man's head. 

1 Pipe drilled, but bowl and stem not connected. 

5 Pipes, broken. 
3 Pipes, broken. 

2 Pipes, perfect. 

1 Pipe with small stem. 

1 Part of conk shell with butt cut off and hole in side. 
1 Smoothing stone, large cannel coal. 

3 Smoothing stones, small, 2 cannel coal.. 1 flint. 
10 Plumb stones or sinkers. 

1 handle to stick feathers in, a fan handle. 
7 Spools for holding thread. 

9 Pieces with holes drilled or picked through them. 

1 Piece of copper ore. 

2 Gourds of pottery. 
3 0 Very small beads. 

6 Rocks for some unknown purpose. 

SHELF NO. 88. 

1 Large scouring stone. 

1 Rock, 3 cup stones in it. 

1 Mortar, 3 cup stones in it. 

1 Mortsr made of a pudding stone. 

1 Mortar with grooves on end. 




PLATE XI. 



120 



THE INDIAN OR MOUND BUILDER. 



CONTENTS OF PLATE XL 

SHELF NO. 89. 
7 Water bottles, one with glazing partly off. 

1 Water bottle, top off. 

3 Water bottles with heads. 
3 Pots. 
3 Jars. 

2 Bowls. 

SHELF NO. 90. 
1 Water bottle, large, with a man's head on top of the bottle. 
1 Water bottle, large, top slightly broken. 
1 Water bottle, large owl head on top of it. 
1 Water bottle, large, bear's head on top of it. 
1 Water bottle, with nose, eyes and ears on two sides of it. 
1 Water bottle with three legs. 
1 Bowl, a shell in form. 
1 Bull boat, small. 

3 Bowls with legs, small. 

1 Water bottle with owl head. 

1 Bowl, small scalloped edges and 4 human heads on sides. 
21 Small vessels of many forms. 

SHELF NO. 91. 
1 Water bottle, bear standing on his hind legs, eating. 
1 Water bottle, man sitting on one leg, head gone. 
1 Water bottle, woman painted white, decorated with dots. 
1 Water bottle, monstrosity woman, hole through the breast. 
1 Water bottle, 4 balls to rest on. 
1 Water bottle, form of fish. 

1 Water bottle, 4 suns, acorns representing the sun's rays, red 
circles. 

1 Bowl, 2 bears' heads, one on another. 

4 Rattles, 4 small human figures. 
1 Bowl, square. 

1 Bowl with 4 knobs on side. 

5 Rattles, human heads, small. 
1 Rattle, biscuit shaped, small. 
1 Rattle, animal head, small. 

1 Water bottle, very small human form. 
1 Head, resembles a negro's. 



THE INDIAN OR MOUND BUILDER. 



121 



2 9 Human heads in form. 
1 Part of a vessel, resembles a turkey strutting. 

SHELF NO. 92. 
1 Water bottle painted light yellow with black stripes. 
1 Jar with 2 red bands around the top and 9 broad red stripes 

running down the vessel, with yellow spaces between. 
1 Water bottle, painted red with dark red bands around the stem, 

with 3 suns painted on the bowl. 
1 Water bottle with an opossum's head and irregular black rings 

painted over the light red bowl. 
1 Water bottle, a yellow color on his knees with white stripes, 

band and dots over body, and face with red breech cloth. 
1 Water bottle, owl resting on feet and tail, body painted a dark 

red, and lighter red representing body foathers and wing 

feathers. 

1 Water bottle with human head with crown upon it. 
1 Water bottle, light colored decorated with darker colored nar- 
row zig-zag stripes. 
I Water bottle with peculiar top, a light yellow color with darker 

bands and stripes over the vessel; large vessel. 
1 Water bottle, same as above except it is much smaller and 
bands and stripes run different. 
13 Human heads in form. 
56 Pieces representing three hands. 
1 Hand with 6 fingers. 
4 Human feet. 
1 Turtle. 
1 Young bird. 
Spoon-shaped pieces and many other peculiar forms. 

SHELF NO. 93. 
1 Water bottle of perfect symmetry. 
1 Water bottle, human bald head. 

1 Water bottle, human form sitting down, hole in top of head. 
1 Water bottle with a peculiar bird head. 

1 Water bottle with cup-shaped bottom, 12 holes in cup piece. 
1 Water bottle with frog sitting on bowl and stem out of top of 
frog. 

1 Water bottle with human bald head, eyes and mouth open; ap- 
pears a blind man. 

1 Water bottle, human figure, nude. 

2 Pieces with a man's penis on each. 
7 Biscuit-shaped jar covers. 



122 



THE INDIAN OR MOUND BUILDER. 



37 Bottle and jar stoppers. 

2 Jar stoppers. 
1 Whirl. 

SHELF NO. 94. 

102 Round wampum beads of shell, from y 2 inch to 2 inches 
across. 

30 Flour spar beads, round, pear-shaped, human head, turtle, 
labrets. 

27 Pottery beads, round, oblong, flat, cylindrical, turtle, tad-pole. 

3 Ear rings, 2 cannel coal, 1 flat circular pebble. 
9 Beads, 6 of shell, 2 crinoids, 1 pebble. 

1 Awl or needle, of hammered copper. 

2 9 Labrets formed like stopper, 2 6 pottery, 1 chalk, 2 pebbles. 

2 Pottery rings, 2 inches in diameter. 
2 Buttons, 2 inches in diameter. 

2 Beads, one with knob on each side, 2 inches long, hole drilled 

lengthwise. 
1 Lot of mica. 

10 Small stoppers, pottery, y 2 dnch to iy 2 inches across. 

1 Small round piece of pottery with fine lines like thread lines. 
19 Pieces of lead. 1 piece cylindrical. 

14 Marble-shaped pottery balls, from y 2 inch to % inch in diam- 
eter. 

7 Pottery sling balls, 4 ovoids, 3 round balls. 
17 Pieces unknown. 

4 Round pieces of pottery. 

1 Biscuit-shaped stone, groove cut around it, drilled % inch in 
each side. 

1 Bed ochre, round piece, flat sides; piece of mica on it. 

8 Pottery whirls. 

11 Stone whirls. 

1 Yellow ochre whirl. 
1 Lot red ochre for painting. 
1 Lot yellow ochre for painting. 
1 Lot black carbon for painting. 
1 Lot white chalk for pa'inting. 

3 3 Paint cups from 1 inch in diameter to 3 % inches in diameter. 
14 Irregular rocks, round cup shaped and biscuit shaped. 

SHELF NO. 9 5. 

4 Anvils. 
3 9 Rubbing stones. 
1 Cup stone. 




PLATE XII. 



124 



THE INDIAN OR MOUND BUILDER. 



CONTEXTS OF PLATE XII. 

SHELF NO. 9 6. 
6 Water bottles, 2 necks gone, 2 with heads. 
2 Bowls. 
1 Jar. 

SHELF NO. 97 

1 Bowls. 

2 Bowls, animal heads. 
2 Jars, one large. 

L Water bottle. 

1 Water bottle, human form. 

1 Water bottle, human head. 

2 Water bottles, human heads. 
1 Jar, hole in bottom. 

SHELF NO. 98. 
1 Water bottle, form of a squash. 

1 Water bottle with bear's head. 
4 Water bottles, human form. 

2 Water bottles, human heads. 

1 Water bottle, human, 3 balls attached together to rest upon. 

2 Water Dottles. 

1 Water bottle, bear's head upon it. 

2 Mountain sheep heads. 

4 Pieces, bear head, dog head, mouse head, squirrel head. 
13 Heads of animals. 

1 Bear head. 

1 Bear head. 

SHELF NO. 9 9. 
85 Chipped flints, scrapers, etc.; some paleoliths in form. 

SHELF NO. 100. 
79 Chipped flints, scrapers; paleoliths in form. 

SHELF NO. 101. 
224 Chipped flints in many forms. 

1 In form of turtle flint. 

2 Round flints. 

6 Biscuit-shaped flints. 

2 0 Flint picks. 

SHELF NO. 102. 

4 5 Cup stone flints. 

5 Rubbing stones. 



126 



THE INDIAN OR MOUND BUILDER. 



CONTENTS OF PLATE XIII. 

ON THE YARD FENCE. 
9 0 Handstones, throwing. 
83 0 Large sling stones. 
616 Small sling stones. 
13 Large mortars. 
12 Small mortars. 
1 Broken mortar. 
1 Large bottom rubbing stone. 

1 Triangular stone found between 2 carved images. 



128 



THE INDIAN OR MOUND BUILDER. 



CONTENTS OF PLATE XIV. 

13 Cup stones. 

6 Hammer stones. 

7 Rubbing stones. 

9 6 Broken pottery sling balls. 

21 Pieces of plastering with impressions of split cane. 
6 Pieces of mud and straw. 
270 Broken arrow points. 
25 Broken greenstone axes and hatchets. 

14 Broken flint scrapers. 

10 Broken chipped flint spades. 
110 Sand stones. 

43 Gallons of chips. 



INDEX 



Index. 



Aleutian Islands, Crossing at 20 

American Indian Race 14 

America, How Most Likely Peopled 16 

Animals, Domesticated 69 

Arrows, Game 47 

Arrows, Stunning 44 

Arrows, War 47 

Ash Heaps 26 

Ash Heaps 69 

Beds 40 

Behring Straits 20 

Bligh's, Capt, 4000-mile Trip 21 

Boat Building 18 

Bones, Human, Pots Filled With 31 

Bones of Elk, Buffalo and Bear, Absence of, 27 

Bow and Arrow, Shooting With 4 5 

Bow, Invention of 46 

Bow's Power, How the Bowyers Determine 42 

Bow Strings 42 

Bow, The Power of 47 

Breech Clout 34 

Burials 65 

Burial, Depth of 31 

Carrying Water Over Deserts 43 

Charleston in Post Tertiary Formation 3 

Children, Nursing of, 40 

Chinese Race 11 

Cloth 18 

Cook, Capt, Found Three Otaheite People 21 

Copper Wrapped in Cloth 37 

Corn „ 70 

Corn, Grinding of 41 

Corn, Its Origin 71 

Country, Height of This 25 

Cremation 65 

Cup Stone 60 

Divinities 64 

Dress 33 

Druids and Their Customs 10 

Earth's Crust, Its Composition 1-2 

Easter Island's Stone Statues 8 

Feather Mantles 18 

Feather Robes 36 

Feathers, Cloth of 36 

Feathers, Robe of Turkey, 36 

Fences 39 

Fire Beds 

First Fruits 67 

Flint and Its Uses 2 



131 



Flint Knives 43 

Flour Spar, Working of, 26 

Food 40 

Glacial Deposit, Age of, — 25 

Glacial Deposit, Pottery Balls in, 24 

Glacier, Breadth and Length 6 

Glacier, The Cause of Its Formation 3 

Glacier, Thickness of, 4 

Great Spirit, Faith in, 49 

Gulf Stream _ 19 

Guns First Used 48 

Hair Dressing 34 

Hand Stones 58 

Hematite Relics 55 

Home, Selecting a Site for, 73 

Homes, Building of, 76 

Houses . 39 

Hudson, Tracing of the, 4 

Ice Dams ! , _ 6 

Iceland, Fourteen Men in Kayak, Crossing to 23 

Indian Dress. * 35 

Indian, Foods of, 68 

Indian, Occupation of, Before V\fhite Man Came 77 to 84 

Indian Origin : 14 

Indian Tribes on the Mississippi 34 

Indians, Different Races of, 14 

Indians, Where They Buried Their Dead — 6 7 

Isaiah's Ambassadors - 22 

Japanese Race 11 

Junks - - 18 

Junks on the Coast of California 20 

Kotzebue Found a Native of Ulea 22 

Looms 38 

Lyell Populating the World 23 

Malay Colored Race, Island Peopled by,.... 24 

Malay Polynesian Race - 11 

Malay Race 11 

Malays, Nautical, ..... 22 

Man's Origin . 5 14 

Mississippi, Bay of the, - - - - 5 

Mongol Race - 11 

Mound Builders, Workmanship of, - 25 

Mound, Otaheite Island Burial, - 9 

Mounds, Conical and Quadrangular, 30 

Mounds, Earliest Built, 29 

Mounds, Erecting, - 28 

Mounds, Height of Burial, ~ 54 

Mounds, Size of, - 30 

Mounds, Size of Burial, - 31 

Mud and Straw Pieces Burned 28 



132 



Negro Race 13 

Niagara Falls 5 

North Pacific Current 20 

Painting . 64 

Perforating Various Parts of the Body 62 

Perry, Commodore, Took on Board Twelve Savages 22 

Plastering Burned 2 9 

Polynesian Race 12 

Polynesians and Their Double Canoes 22 

Polynesia's Wonderful Megalith 9 

Potatoes - 70 

Pottery Balls in Glacial Deposit 24 

Pottery, Decorating it, 61 

Pottery Pound in Sand or Clay 32 

Pottery, Making of, . - - 33 

Pottery, Painting, Drilling, Carving, Flaking and Polishing 33 

Pots, Small, 43 

Powell, Mr., Recovered Man from Marquesas Isle 23 

Priest, Duty of, 63 

Race, Amalgamation of Many, 17 

Race Combination 19 

Relics, Copper, _ 5 5 

Relics, Hematite, 55 

Relics, How I Found, 52 

Relics, How to Take Out, 53 

Relics, List of 87 to 128 

Ridges, Cause of Formation 6 

Ruins in Ceylon 7 

Ruins in Java 7 

Running 44 

Sacrifice Year 63 

Sandwich Islands, Drafting to %1 

Sea Currents 16 

Scaffold Burial 31 

Scaffold Burial 65 

Scythians and How They Lived 9 

Shields : - 36 

Shields 65 

Siamese Race 12 

Similar Tools of the White Man and Indian 56 

Singing and Music 62 

Slings and Pottery Balls 59 

Slocum, Joshua, Sailed Around World 24 

Sloping Wells 29 

South Pacific Isles, Long Voyages to, 21 

Stone Age 56 

Stone Age, Passing of, 58 

Stratas and Cause 5 

Sun Worship 64 

Temple on a High Mound 67 

Temples 66 

Timber, Killing of, -- 72 

133 



Timber Needed 75 

Tobacco 70 

Uplifted Stones, Circle of, 9 

Von Hum bolt, tbe Picking Up of An Esquimo 23 

Wuat Turns People Black 13 

Where the Indians Buried Their Dead 6 7 

Yellow Race 11 



134 



LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 

Frontispiece: Portrait. 



Color Plate Preceding Page 1 

" 'Pacing Page 14 

" " " 64 

Plate 1: Chipping Flint by Striking a Buck's 

Horn with a Stick " " 5S 

2: Agricultural Tool® and Tools for 

Woodwork " " 76 

3: Making Fire " " 7 0 

4: A Drill " " 80 

5: Chipping Flint " " 84 

6: Sawing " " 72 

7: Drilling Stone " " 74 

" 8: Spear and Javelin " " 44 

9: Chipping by Pressure " " 78 

" 10: Bow, Sling, Arrows and Ball® " " 56 

" 11: Drilling Wood " " 82 

" 12: For Twisting Thread or Cord " " 60 



INDIAN RELICS. 

Indian Relics — Plate I Page 90 

II " 93 

III " 96 

IV " 98 

V " 101 

VI " 103 

VII " 106 

" VIII " 110 

IX " 113 

X " 116 

XI " 119 

XII " 123 

" XIII " 125 

" XIV " 127 



135 



Wl 0 0 






^0* 





C° ^^ed using the Bookkeeper process 

^ « ? e ^ ,izin 9 agent: Magnesium^^ 

« ^0 • atment Date: March 2010 

HK ; / ••^W Preserv at''°nTechnologies 

^ t^xLvCffcf * Cranberry Township, PA 16066 

P> A ^ ♦VRlB^*'- Vi> (724)779-2111 












fill> 

\/-" 





. « * 





AH 



